Yield factors

The literature is inconsistent on definitions. TNT equivalency is also called equivalency factor, yield factor, efficiency, or efficiency factor. 

The open-terrain factor should be used if the release occurs in flat terrain and few structures are nearby, for example, in an isolated tank farm consisting of one or two well-spaced tanks. Otherwise, the partial-confinement yield factor should be used to give reasonably conservative damage estimates. 

The equivalent charge weight of TNT is calculated on the basis of the entire cloud content. FMRC recommends that a material-dependent yield factor be applied. Three types of material are distinguished Class I (relatively nonreactive materials such as propane, butane, and ordinary flammable liquids) Class II (moderately reactive materials such as ethylene, diethyl ether, and acrolein) and Class III (highly reactive materials such as acetylene). These classes were developed based on the work of Lewis (1980). Energy-based TNT equivalencies assigned to these classes are as follows ... 

Conventional TNT-equivalency methods state a proportional relationship between the total quantity of flammable material released or present in the cloud (whether or not mixed within flammability limits) and an equivalent weight of TNT expressing the cloud s explosive power. The value of the proportionality factor—called TNT equivalency, yield factor, or efficiency factor—is directly deduced from damage patterns observed in a large number of major vapor cloud explosion incidents. Over the years, many authorities and companies have developed their own practices for estimating the quantity of flammable material in a cloud, as well as for prescribing values for equivalency, or yield factor. Hence, a survey of the literature reveals a variety of methods. 

X = (lambda) yield factor, (W/W )with subscript o referring to reference value p = (mu) absolute viscosity at flowing temperature, centipoise (cp)... 

In practice, variations in yield factors are often observed for a given organism in a given medium. For example, yield coefficients often vary with growth rate. An explanation for these variations comes from a consideration of the fate of substrate in the cell, which can be divided into three parts ... 

Now substitute the values into (E. 3.2) to obtain the yield factor. 

Since the synthesis plan has a point of convergence it is not possible to define an overall yield for the entire synthesis by simply multiplying the respective reaction yields as would be correct for a truly linear synthesis. This can be deduced by observing that there is no common yield factor that clears all fractions when it is multiplied by the sum of all terms representing the mass of input materials. In the case of a linear plan this would be possible and thus the resulting numerator in the general expression for overall kernel RME would... 

The term fluorescence is used for a transformation of absorbed light into a light (7p) of lower energy. The extent of this transformation is described by the quantum yield factor q. Light intensity absorbed by the sample can be calculated from the light intensity reflected from the clean plate snrfaee (Jq) minus the light intensity (J) reflected from a sample spot [13]. 

Energy of explosion. The energy of explosion values given in Table 16.2 should be considered as the theoretical maxima, and yield factors of 10% are considered reasonable for fuel-air explosions. For equivalent volume storage, hydrogen has the least theoretical explosive potential of the three fuels considered, albeit it has the highest heat of combustion and explosive potential on a mass basis. 

At the end of 1 hour, the precipitated salt should be in a fine crystalline form which settles readily when the stirring is momentarily stopped. A viscous, creamy suspension which is poorly mixed by the stirring usually gives poor yields. Factors contributing to this condi-... 

Thus, the specific growth rate in a chemostat is controlled by the feed flow rate, since // is equal to D at steady state conditions. Since ft, the specific growth rate, is a function of the substrate concentration, and since fi is also determined by dilution rate, then the flow rate F also determines the outlet substrate concentration S. The last equation is, of course, simply a statement that the quantity of cells produced is proportional to the quantity of substrate consumed, as related by the yield factor Yx/s-... 

For simplicity reasons, a liquid yield factor of one is assumed for bitumen upgrading operations. 

The biofuel yield of different crops is differs, but a more correct analysis also requires consideration of the (fossil) energy inputs needed to seed, harvest, and process the crops, etc. Clearly, the results depend significantly on regional and technology details, but an overall comparison of net energy yield factors is given in Fig. 1. 

In order to obtain the coupling product (62) in good yield, factors such as anode material, solvent, pH, and structure of the substrate are critical. In general, the following conditions are recommended for the Kolbe reaction solvent MeOH containing... 

Process parameters involve line speed if dose rate and line speed are combined, the dose delivered to the product to be cured can be calculated. A processor specific yield factor depends on the relationship between the beam current... 

Yield factor Yield factor is used to characterize the curing performance of an electron processor. It is a constant that relates the delivered dose to the beam current and line speed ... 

Delivered dose = Yield factor x Beam current/line speed... 

The acids formed are hygroscopic and absorb moisture from the atmosphere to produce submicron-sized droplets of an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid and a series of polyphosphoric acids. It is the mist of these acids which constitutes the white smoke cloud and scatters visible and near-IR electromagnetic radiation. The amount of smoke formed depends on the RH of the atmosphere. Under high humidity conditions, it is possible to achieve yield factors of four or even higher. 

The measurement of screening performance of smokes is important because smoke screens are one of the countermeasures for IR surveillance systems. The performance of smoke formulations is decided in terms of total obscuring power (TOP), yield factor (Y), mass extinction coefficient (a) followed by calculation of obscuration effectiveness (a. Y. p). These parameters are defined in the following manner. 

The yield factor is a measure of efficiency of the conversion of starting material... 

The smokes produced by WP and RP have large yield factors for various relative humidities. This means that the inference derived on the basis of TOP values of various types of smokes is also supported by the yield factor values, that is, the screening efficiency of the phosphorus class of smokes is maximum. 

---