Factors equivalent

The elastomeric couplings generally do not have a life factor equivalent to a gear or flexible element coupling. This is further complicated by the fact liiat if the coupling is to provide damping, the dissipated vibrational energy is converted to heat, which can further shorten the life of the ele-... 

The solidity of gel electrolytes results from chain entanglements. At high temperatures they flow like liquids, but on cooling they show a small increase in the shear modulus at temperatures well above T. This is the liquid-to-rubber transition. The values of shear modulus and viscosity for rubbery solids are considerably lower than those for glass forming liquids at an equivalent structural relaxation time. The local or microscopic viscosity relaxation time of the rubbery material, which is reflected in the 7], obeys a VTF equation with a pre-exponential factor equivalent to that for small-molecule liquids. Above the liquid-to-rubber transition, the VTF equation is also obeyed but the pre-exponential term for viscosity is much larger than is typical for small-molecule liquids and is dependent on the polymer molecular weight. 

In contrast to most other ionization methods, the majority of ions produced by electrospray are multiply charged. This is of great significance as the mass spectrometer measures the m/z (mass-to-charge) ratio of an ion and the mass range of an instrument may therefore be effectively extended by a factor equivalent to the number of charges residing on the analyte molecule, i.e. an ion of m/z 1000 with... 

Original quantity X Conversion factor = Equivalent quantity... 

Unforeseen events, such as strikes, storms, floods, price variations, and other contingencies, may have an effect on the costs for a manufacturing operation. When the chemical engineer predicts total costs, it is advisable to take these factors into account This can be accomplished by including a contingency factor equivalent to 1 to 5 percent of the total product cost. 

Fig. 2 Magnetic field intensity (IHyr) of a nanowire LSPR structure at VF = 10% and yl = 50 nm (VF volume factor equivalent to a fill factor) (a) by the EMT based on a four-layer Fresnel s equation given in (1) and (2) and (b) near-field distribution calculated by FDTD (c) field profiles by EMT (across a cross-section represented by a ) and EDTD (b through a nanowire and c between nanowires). (d) SPR characteristics of a nanowire LSPR structure with df = 40 nm and dg = 20 nm, calculated by rigorous coupled wave analysis (solid) and EMT (dotted) when VE = 50%. Reprinted from [12], Copyright (2007), with permission from the Optical Society of America...

Hamilton, W. C. On the isotropic temperature factor equivalent to a given anisotropic temperature factor. Ada Cryst. 12, 609-610 (1959). 

Isotherm factors Equivalent concentration mg/dm Weight of carbon in filter g Total quanity of SLS adsorbed mg Carbon adsorptivity ... 

For surfactants having branched structures, with the head group attached at some point other than the terminal carbon, such as, sodium tetradecane-2-sulfonate CH3(CH2)uCH(S05Na+CH3, the additional carbon atoms off of the main chain contribute a factor equivalent to about one-half that for a main-chain carbons. Except for the lower members of a series, the relationship between carbon number and cmc follows a linear relationship similar to that expressed in Equation (15.20). 

Capital cost is the major contributor to the cost of solar power. With photovoltaic power systems presently costing about 4 per peak watt, the capital cost of 4000/kW would be equivalent to 8888/kW at 100% capacity, equating to 9 cents/kWh when amortized over 30 years (at 8% interest rate). Obviously, this is well above the nuclear capital cost of nominally 4200/kW with a 90% capacity factor (equivalent to 4667/kW at 100% capacity factor), and an amortized cost of 4.7 cents/kWh. 

According to standard engineering handbooks (under Stress and >eflection in Beams, Moments of Inertia, etc.), resistance to stress is expressed by the moment of inertia, and the resistance to deflection by the section modulus. By finding a cross-section with the two factors equivalent, we can assure equal or better performance in the ribbed design compared to the thick wall without ribs. 

PIDs and FIDs have similar detection capability for VOCs in that the ionization process and signal collection of both are nonselective. Although very useful as VOC detectors, they are quite limited when nsed as field detectors for CWAs. Detection of CWAs can occnr only throngh the nse of response factors equivalent to respective calibration gas. Methane gas and isobntylene are nsed by FID and PID, respectively, as the reference calibration gas. Response factors correlate detector responses calibrated against the reference gases to a known concentration of a given compound. The usefulness of response factors, nnfortunately, is valid only if the sample contained the targeted chemical withont any other infinences (i.e. in a known situation). They are not viable CWA or TIC detectors becanse they do not provide specific... 

Evaluation of the structure factor (equivalent to the autocorrelation function or Qo-function of a single unit cell by Fourier-transformation, 2.1). 

Observations of infrared dichroism on pol3rmeric systems were first made about 1950 using pols peptides (53,54). Fraser (55,56) developed its use to measure orientation in polymers quantitatively and establish a relationship of dichroic ratio D to the Hermans orientation factor equivalent to equation 2. The first infrared dichroism studies on polyethylene were performed in 1954 by Stein and co-workers (57,58). The article (58) discusses the determination of uniaxial orientation in polyethylene films using wide-angle x-ray (wax) diffraction, birefringence, and infrared dichroism, and explicitly states the interrelation of the former two measurements through... 

This modified Chilton-Colburn result is very similar to Equation 12.1 but is a constant. The a factor equivalent in Equation 12.24 contains the bed surface roughness, whereas. Equation 12.2 is needed to correct Equation 12.1. Otherwise, Equation 12.24 seems to be a theoretically sound alternative that more directly reflects natural bed surface roughness characteristics. 

When the hydrophobe is branched, the additional carbon atoms off the mainchain contribute a factor equivalent to about half that for a mainchain carbon. The critical micelle concentrations of a series of sodium alkyl sulfates in which the total number... 

Mixed Re>nplds number Twophesa fticlion factor Equivalent tengtti K otal... 

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