Yield Factor Y

The yield factor is a measure of efficiency of the conversion of starting material 

The smokes produced by WP and RP have large yield factors for various relative humidities. This means that the inference derived on the basis of TOP values of various types of smokes is also supported by the yield factor values, that is, the screening efficiency of the phosphorus class of smokes is maximum. 

The mass extinction coefficient (a)is a measure of screening effectiveness per unit mass of a material and is defined by the equation based on the Beer-Lambert law. It is related to the transmission of radiation through the smoke and is given by Equation 5.29  

= Transmission through a smoke cloud at wavelength A. and is equal to the ratio of final intensity of radiation (I) and initial intensity of radiation (f0), that is (1/10). 

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The measurement of screening performance of smokes is important because smoke screens are one of the countermeasures for IR surveillance systems. The performance of smoke formulations is decided in terms of total obscuring power (TOP), yield factor (Y), mass extinction coefficient (a) followed by calculation of obscuration effectiveness (a. Y. p). These parameters are defined in the following manner. 

The main problem in applying stoichiometric considerations to bioprocessing (beyond quantification in non-open-reactor systems) arises from the complex metabolic reaction network. In simple reactions stoichiometry is trivial, and complex reactions can only be handled with the aid of a formal mathematical approach analogous to the approach for complex chemical reactions (Schubert and Hofmann, 1975). In such a situation, an elementary balance equation must be set up. Due to complexity, it is not surprising that the approach first used in the quantification of bioprocesses was much simpler— the concept of yield factors Y. This macroscopic parameter Y cannot be considered a biological constant. 

Uncertainty ranges presented derive from the uncertainty of the yield factor y (see text)... 

As also discussed by Maugis and Pollock, the hardness of the material is related to its yield strength Y by H = 2>Y. The factor of 3 is a consequence of the deformation constraints of the indentor geometry used in hardness measurements. In the absence of an applied load, the MP theory predicts that... 

The performance of any type of molecular separator is characterized in terms of its separation factor (enrichment) M and separator yield (efficiency) Y (8). The separator yield is defined as the ratio of the amount of sample entering the mass spectr( eter to that entering the separator, usually expressed as a percentage, it represents the ability of device to allow... 

On the other hand, the catalyst concentration, seems to be one other impor tant factor which can influence the chemical yields. This factor required more attention. Table 2 summarizes the average values of the quantum yields (q.y.) for the different experimental conditions. These quantum yields have been esti mated by assuming that all the photons supplied by the lamp are absorbed by the catalyst grains these estimations are not strictly correct, because of light scattering and reflexion by the catalyst grains. In fact, according to results reported in Table 2, the variation of quantum yields seems to be related to the nature of the catalyst and/or with its concentration. 

Sample volume (V) Chemical Yield Fraction (Y) Ingrowth factor (D) Net gamma ray count rate (R) Branching ratio (Fj) 0.358 0.448... 

Effect of reaction order on diffusion factor y. Calculation of the characteristic function of y applicable to the case of an n order reaction yields similar functional relationships, in which the modulus

concentration term. For example, the case of second-order reaction involves the modulus... 

Equation 18.1 calculates yield loss Y [%] at a given solubility S [%] at a temperature T and a dilution D (factor of solvent used compared to API mass) ... 

The ansatz used in the construction of the ERA Hamiltonian has one adjustable parameter namely the scaling factor y in the denominator of the exponent of the ansatz function in equation (9). Since 7 = 1 yields at the nucleus the same first derivative of the ansatz function with respect to r as with the ZORA ansatz, this value for 7 has been used in the calculations presented above. How-... 

The primary quantum yield (Primary Q.Y.) establishes the number of molecules degraded from a primary process or event that involves direct absoiption of radiation over the number of photons absorbed (Cassano et al., 1995 and Davydov et al., 1999). Cassano et al., (1995) argue that according to the second law of photochemistry, the absorption of light by a molecule is a one-quantum process. Therefore a quantum yield factor involving the sum of all primary processes must be less than or equal to unity and this as a result that the energy absorbed by the molecule is partially lost by re-emission, collision or other processes (Alfano and Cassano, 1988). 

In the formulation of this equation a balance for atomic nitrogen is used to relate the flows and Y is a yield factor for biomass on substrate on a per C-mole Sase C-moles of biomass produced per C-mole of substrate consumed, thus it is defined by ... 

As a general rule, the measurements yield relative intensities, i.e. integrated intensities with an arbitrary scale X, because it is difficult to know what part of the intensity of the primary beam passes through the crystal. The constant X is thus an unknown. The function g 6) is analytic and its values can be easily calculated. The calculation of the absorption factor A is carried out with a computer and, today, poses no major problem. The theory of extinction is still poorly understood, but the factor y is often close to 1. Thus, from the intensity measurements, structure amplitudes F hkl) are obtained on a relative scale, typically with a precision of the order of 1-5%. The values of F hkl) represent the experimental information about the distribution of the atoms in the unit cell. A discussion of this information forms the subject of this section. However, we will discuss neither the theory nor the practice of structure determination by diffraction. 

Here I a and Ip are the fluorescence intensities of the donor and acceptor respectively (for the same doubly labelled molecule), 4>a and Op are the quantum yields of the donor and acceptor molecules and and rjp are the detection efficiencies of the experiment at the wavelengths of the fluorescence signals from the two molecules. For simplicity, the correction factor, y, to account for differential detection efficiencies and quantum yields of the two fluorophores is generally assumed to be unity (see for a discussion [78]), and fret is then sometimes referred to as the proximity ratio P [ 77]. 

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