Wisconsin process

The low (ca 2%) yield of NO, the tendency to revert to N2 and O2 if the product stream is not quenched rapidly, the consumption of large (ca 60,000 kWh/1N2 fixed) amounts of electricity, and the concomitant expense to sustain the arc all led to the demise of this process. The related Wisconsin process for oxidising N2 at high temperatures in a pebble-bed furnace was developed in the 1950s (13). Although a plant that produced over 40 t/d of nitric acid was built, the product recovery costs were not economically competitive. 

E. D. Ermenc, Wisconsin process pebble furnace fixes atmospheric nitrogen. Chem. Eng. Prog. 52(4), 149-153 (1956). 

A possibility of NO synthesis from the air was studied [155, 156], Fromens [155] used thermal reaction, the so-called Wisconsin process, which at maximal temperature 2500 K gave an NO yield equals 1.9% and at 1900 K—below 0.45%. 

PI. Peck, A. C., in Nitrogen Symposium, A Review of the Wisconsin Process for Nitrogen Fixation. Food Machinery Corp., San Jose, California. (Held at Rye, New York, November, 1955), p. 2. 

Kutrieb Corporation (Chetek, Wisconsin) operates a pyrolator process for converting tires into oil, pyrolytic filler, gas, and steel. Nu-Tech (Bensenvike, Illinois) employs the Pyro-Matic resource recovery system for tire pyrolysis, which consists of a shredding operation, storage hopper, char-coUection chambers, furnace box with a 61-cm reactor chamber, material-feed conveyor, control-feed inlet, and oil collection system. It is rated to produce 272.5 L oil and 363 kg carbon black from 907 kg of shredded tires. TecSon Corporation (Janesville, Wisconsin) has a Pyro-Mass recovery system that pyroly2es chopped tire particles into char, oil, and gas. The system can process up to 1000 kg/h and produce 1.25 MW/h (16). 

Small tire chips have also been utilized as a soil amendment to improve athletic playing fields (see Recreational surfaces). A patented process marketed under the trade name Rebound (fai Tire) combines cmmb mbber from scrap tires with composted organic material to reduce soil compaction, resulting in better athletic playing surfaces (52). Installations have been made in Florida, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, Virginia, and Wisconsin. 

Several utihties are burning or have successfully test-burned I DE. Eor example, the results of a pilot project at Wisconsin Power Light (WP L) were so successful that the utihty installed its own system to shred tires, thereby assuring a steady supply of uniformly sized tire chips. The tire processing plant will enable the utihty to manage about 20% of the 5 x 10 waste tires generated each year in Wisconsin. 

Economic Aspects. U.S. capacity for production of merchant sodium dithionite (soHds basis) was estimated at 93,000 metric tons in 1994. There are three North American producers of sodium dithionite. Hoechst Celanese is the largest producer (68,000 tons capacity) with two formate production locations and one zinc process location. Olin (25,000 t capacity) produces solution product only at two locations using both the amalgam and electrochemical processes. In 1994, Vulcan started a small solution plant in Wisconsin using the Olin electrochemical process. In addition, it is estimated that 13,000 t/yr is produced at U.S. pulp mills using the Borol process from sulfur dioxide and sodium borohydride. Growth is estimated at 2—3%/yr. The... 

Grain that is usable as food or feed is an expensive substrate for this fermentation process. A cheaper substrate might be some source of cellulose such as wood or agricultural waste. This, however, requires hydrolysis of cellulose to yield glucose. Such a process was used in Germany during World War II to produce yeast as a protein substitute. Another process for the hydrolysis of wood, developed by the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, uses mineral acid as a catalyst. This hydrolysis industry is very large in the former Soviet Union but it is not commercial elsewhere. 

Hendershot, D. C. (1994). Chemistry—The Key to Inherently Safer Manufacturing Processes. Preforms of Papers Presented at the 208th American Chemical Society National Meeting, August 21-25, 1994, Washington, DC, Paper No. ENVR-135. 273-5. Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI Division of Environmental Chemistry, American Chemical Society. 

Provides regulator). information for the chemical process industiy. The ChemAlliance site was made possible in large part due to funding provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. ChemAlliance is a partnership between the Chemical Industiy, EPA s Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, and the ChemAlliance staff who reside at Michigan Technological University, Pacific Northwest National Laborator)>, and University of Wisconsin. 

J. A. Youngquist, A. M. Krzysik, and J. H. Muehl, Wood Fiber Polymer Composites Fundamental Concepts, Processes, and Material Options (M. P. Wolcott, ed.), U.S. Forest Products Society, Wisconsin, p. 79 (1993). 

MacGregor, J.F. Topics in the Control of Linear Processes with Stochastic Disturbances. PhD. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 1972. 

The consequence of all these (conscious and unconscious) simplifications and eliminations might be that some information not present in the process will be included in the model. Conversely, some phenomena occurring in reality are not accounted for in the model. The adjustable parameters in such simplified models will compensate for inadequacy of the model and will not be the true physical coefficients. Accordingly, the usefulness of the model will be limited and risk at scale-up will not be completely eliminated. In general, in mathematical modelling of chemical processes two principles should always be kept in mind. The first was formulated by G.E.P. Box of Wisconsin All models are wrong, some of them are useful . As far as the choice of the best of wrong models is concerned, words of S.M. Wheeler of New York are worthwhile to keep in mind The best model is the simplest one that works . This is usually the model that fits the experimental data well in the statistical sense and contains the smallest number of parameters. The problem at scale-up, however, is that we do not know which of the models works in a full-scale unit until a plant is on stream. 

H. Marschner, Soil-root interface Biological and biochemical processe.s. Soil Chemistry and Ecosystem Health (P. Huang, ed.). Soil Science Stx iety of America, Madi.son, Wisconsin, 1998, p. 191. 

Porcelain enameling plants are located primarily in the states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Of the facilities, 76% discharge to publicly owned treatment works (POT Ws), 22% to streams or rivers, and 2% to both. Approximately 10% of the plants recycle, with an average recycle of 9.6 m3/h, which represents 46% of the average process water usage rate of 20.8 m3/h. The total porcelain enamel applied each year by all plants is estimated at 150 x 106 m2. 

Bollag J-M, Liu S-Y (1990) Biological transformation processes of pesticides. In Cheng HH (ed) Pesticides in the soil environment processes, Impacts and Modeling. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp 169-211. 

Wisconsin nitric acid process, 17 186, 292 Witch hazel distillate... 

On the basis of the development work undertaken by BP Chemicals in Hull and research performed at Chalmers University in Gotenborg, Sweden, and the USDA Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, USA, a fibre acetylation pilot plant was commissioned in 2000 at Kvarntorp in Sweden. The plant has a capacity of 4000 tonnes of acetylated fibre per year (Simonson and Rowell, 2000). The process and plant are jointly owned by A-Cell Acetyl Cellulosics AB and GEA Evaporation Technology AB. A schematic of this process is shown in Eigure 8.5. 

The development of furfurylation began with the research by Alfred J. Stamm at the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, in the 1950s. This led on to an industrialization of the process, with production in the USA of furfurylated wood in the mid-1960s. Products included laboratory bench tops, pulp mixer rotorblades and knife handles. However, commercial production had ceased by the early 1970s. 

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