Into particles

Comminutors macerate floating material into particles too small (0.5—1 cm) to clog pumps. Comminutors have almost completely replaced racks and screens with small openings. 

Particles at (r.Vj) will move to (r + v t, vx + aAf) in the time interval Af. If there were no collisions, all of the particles would move to this new volume however, collisions will remove particles from the new volume element by changing them into particles of velocity vj, and add particles (by inverse collisions) which had velocity v . The change in the number of particles in drdvlt during the time interval from t to t + Af, is, therefore... 

The different pressure measurement techniques alluded to in Kamlet s complaint may be grouped into particle velocity measurements, transmitted shock velocity measurements, pres-... 

The geometry of the capsomeres results in their assembly into particles exhibiting one of two different architectural styles—helical or icosahedral symmetry (Fig. 3.2). 

Another approach can be the displacement of the surface Hgands by a reactive gas such as CO, leading to unstable intermediates that will eventually condense into particles. This procedure can be apphed to M(dba)2 (dba = dibenzyhdene acetone M = Pd Pt) [26-28,33,34]. In this case, however, CO remains at the surface of the growing clusters and may modify their chemistry. The reaction conditions (temperature, gas pressure, concentration of precursors and stabilizers) have a strong influence on the nature of the particles formed, primarily on their size. 

Theory. We will outline theory developed earlier (11,12) for converting the detector response F(v) from a turbidity detector into particle size information. F(v) is related to the dispersion-corrected chromatogram W(y) by the integral equation... 

The multistage impactor should be used for development studies into particle size assessment. Routine tests may be based on a two-stage impactor provided that this has been validated against performance in a multistage impactor. 

The results of the catalyst testing are shown in Table 3. The data listed in the table show, that on a per proton basis, catalyst A (based on 7% DVB) has higher activity as compared to resin materials, crosslinked with 12% DVB. This result is in accord with the finding by Petrus et al.,3 that at temperatures higher than 120 °C the hydration is under into particle diffusion limitation and as such, a more flexible polymeric matrix will provide better access to the acidic sites. On a dry weight basis, catalyst D showed the highest activity, which correlates well with the high acid site density found for this resin (Table 2). On a catalyst volume basis, catalyst A has the best performance characteristics followed by catalyst D. 

Ionization is the process of separation or dissociation of a molecule into particles of opposite electrical charge (ions). The presence and extent of ionization has a large effect on the chemical behavior of a substance. An acid or base that is extensively ionized may have markedly different solubility, sorption, toxicity, and biological characteristics than the corresponding neutral compound. Inorganic and organic acids, bases, and salts may be ionized under environmental conditions. A weak acid HA will ionize to some extent in water according to the reaction ... 

Moser et al. [37] applied hydrodynamic cavitation generated by a microfluidiser for the synthesis of large variety of catalysts in the form of nanosized grains. The grains agglomerated into particles of 100 nm to few microns. This process was found to provide high purity catalysts containing several metal ions than classical synthetic methods. 

Fig. 30. Heat flow into particles, as a function of effectiveness factor, for the three tube positions studied in Dixon et al. (2003).

The high-energy electron beam is used to fragment the molecules of the analyte into particles of mass-to-charge ratios characteristic of that molecule. 

Therefore, the rate at which chemical bonds break increases with elastic shear stressing of the material. The rupture of chemical bonds, hence fracture of material, leads to its fragmentation into particles. This reduces the average particle size in powder as fractured particles multiply into even smaller particles. Equation (1.24) points to the importance of elastic shear strains in mechanical activation of chemical bonds for particle size refinement and production of nanoparticles. 

Most of the chemical and physical properties of imniloctium (hassium) are unknown. What is known is that its most stable isotope (hassium-108) has the atomic weight (mass) of about 277. Hs-277 has a half-life of about 12 minutes, after which it decays into the isotope seaborgium-273 through either alpha decay or spontaneous fission. Hassium is the last element located at the bottom of group 8, and like element 107, it is produced by a cold fusion process that in hassium s case is accomplished by slamming iron (Fe-58) into particles of the isotope of lead (Pb-209), along with several neutrons, as follows ... 

Recent work reported a method for estimating the mineral content of coals based on the electron-mlcroprobe-determlned chemical composition of discrete particles. (1,2) Each particle Is assumed to contain only one mineral component. Possible ambiguities In qualitative Identification of discrete mineral particles can be eliminated by XRD analyses of the bulk material to Identify the minerals present. For most geological materials, such separations are not readily obtainable. Thus, this method Is limited to materials that can be dispersed Into particles composed of single minerals. 

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