Wetlands freshwater

Jackson, C., C. Foreman, and R. L. Sinsabaugh. 1995. Microbial enzyme activities as indicators of organic matter processing rates in a Lake Erie coastal wetland. Freshwater Biology 34 329-342. 

Vanschoenwinkel, B., Waterkeyn, A., Vandecaetsbeek, T. et al. (2008c). Dispersal of freshwater invertebrates by large terrestrial mammals a case study with wild boar Sus scrofa) in Mediterranean wetlands. Freshwater Biology 53, 2264-2273. 

Manage the Adirondack and Catskill forest preserves and recreational facilities, including campsites and the Belleayre Mountain ski center Protect tidal and freshwater wetlands and flood plains... 

Zillioux EJ, Porcella DB, Benoit JM. 1993. Mercury cycling and effects in freshwater wetland ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 12 2245-2264. 

Meng, F., Arp, P., Sangster, A., Brun, G.I., Rencz, A., Hall, G., Holmes, J., Lean, D., Clair, T. 2005. Modeling dissolved organic carbon, total and methyl mercury in Kejimkujik freshwaters. In Mercury Cycling in a Wetland Dominated Ecosystem A Multidisciplinary Study. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, 267-284. 

Swamps are forested, freshwater wetlands on submerged soils in which little peat accumulates. This is the US definition elsewhere the term also includes non-forested wetlands with reeds. Swamps tend to form in warmer climates. 

Marshes are herbaceous freshwater, non-peat-producing wetlands dominated by grasses, sedges or reeds. The distinction between swamps and marshes may be blurred. 

Riparian wetlands are those lands that are periodically inundated with water from adjacent rivers, streams, lakes or other freshwater bodies, and by runoff from upland areas. Large fluxes of energy and nutrients pass through riparian wetlands and they are important sinks and transformers of nutrients. In watersheds with extensive riparian wetlands, the composition of the river water may... 

In 1947, Patrick established a new department of limnology (the study of lakes, ponds, and streams) at the academy, a department that is now known as the Patrick Center for Environmental Research. The purpose of the department has been to study the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems, including rivers, lakes, and wetlands, along with the impact of human activities on these systems. Patrick served as curator of the center and chair of the Department of Limnology at the academy for more than decades. In 2003, at the age of 94, she still held the titles of Senior Scientist and Francis Boyer Chair of Limnology at the academy. 

Contaminated bed sediments exist at numerous locations in the United States and around the world. These result mainly from past indiscriminate pollution of our aquatic environments and consist of freshwater and marine bodies including streams, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries. The bed sediments contain many hydrophobic organic compounds and metal ions that in the course of time act as sources of pollutants of the overlying aqueous phase. There are a number of transport pathways by which pollutants are transferred to the aqueous phase from contaminated sediments. One of the lesser known, but potentially important, modes of transport of pollutants from bed sediments is by diffusion and advection of contaminants associated with colloidal-size dissolved macromolecules in pore water. These colloids are measured in the aqueous phase as dissolved organic compounds (DOCs). (These are defined operationally as particles with a diameter smaller than 0.45 micrometer.)... 

Chin, Y. P., C. R. Swank, S. J. Traina, and D. Backhus. 1998. Abundance and properties of natural organic matter in the pore waters of a freshwater wetland. Limnology and Oceanography 43 1287. 

Bano, N., M. A. Moran, and R. E. Hodson. 1998. Photochemical formation of labile organic matter from two components of dissolved organic carbon in a freshwater wetland. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 16 95-102. 

In freshwater ecosystems, particularly streams and wetlands, biofilms account for a large portion of heterotrophic metabolism, as well as primary production (Edwards etal., 1990 see Chapter 12), acting as both sources and sinks for DOM. As the depth of the overlying water in the system increases, attached communities account for a declining share of system metabolism. 

Figure 6.1. Ecosystem area and soil carbon content to 3-m depth. Lower Panel Global areal extent of major ecosystems, transformed by land use in yellow, untransformed in purple. Data from Hassan et al. (2005) except for Mediterranean-climate ecosystems transformation impact is from Myers et al. (2000) and ocean surface area is from Hassan et al. (2005). Upper Panel Total C stores in plant biomass, soil, yedoma/permafrost. D, deserts G S(tr), tropical grasslands and savannas G(te), temperate grasslands ME, Mediterranean ecosystems F(tr), tropical forests F(te), temperate forests F(b), boreal forests T, tundra FW, freshwater lakes and wetlands C, croplands O, oceans. Data are from Sabine et al. (2004), except C content of yedoma permafrost and permafrost (hght blue columns, left and right, respectively Zimov et al., 2006), and ocean organic C content (dissolved plus particulate organic Denman et al., 2007). This figure considers soil C to 3-m depth (Jobbagy and Jackson, 2000). Approximate carbon content of the atmosphere is indicated by the dotted lines for last glacial maximum (LGM), pre-industrial (P-IND) and current (about 2000). Reprinted from Fischlin et al. (2007) in IPCC (2007). See color insert.

The sufficient supply of pure water is of fundamental importance for achieving the goals of socio-economic development and environmental protection. Enhancing anthropogenic impacts on the environment are of concern here. For instance, the area of freshwater wetlands, which play an important role in natural water purification and in formation of the water cycle, have almost halved in the last 20 years. At the same time, economic assessment puts a value on their losses equivalent to 20,000/ha/yr. About 2% of 10,000 species of freshwater fish are either on the brink of extermination or are extinct. The number of large dams in the world increased front 5,000 in 1950 to more than 45,000 today, the negative ecological consequences of which need no comment. 

Dieter, C.D., Hamilton, S.J., Duffy, W.G. and Flake, L.D. (1994) Evaluation of the Microtox test to detect phorate contamination in wetlands, Journal of Freshwater Ecology 9 (4), 271-280. 

Ahmad, I., M. Pacheco, and M.A. Santos. 2006. Anguilla anguilla L. oxidative stress biomarkers An in situ study of freshwater wetland ecosystem (Pateira de Fermentelos, Portugal). Chemosphere 65 952-962. 

Surface water can be defined as any river, lake, stream, pond, marsh, or wetland as ice and snow and as transitional, coastal, and marine water naturally open to the atmosphere. Major matrix properties, distinguishing water types from each other, are hard and soft water, and saline and freshwater. Groundwater is typically defined as water that can be found in the saturated zone of the soil. Groundwater slowly moves from places with high elevation and pressure to places with low elevation and pressure, such as rivers and lakes. Partitioning interactions of the groundwater with the solid soil matrix is an important factor influencing the fate of toxicants. Physicochemical properties of water that may affect toxicity of chemicals in all water types are listed in Table 2.2. 

Wetlands such as freshwater/salt marshes and mangroves have been shown to be major sources of primary production in estuarine systems (Kirby and Gooselink, 1976 Pomeroy and Wiegert, 1981). In fact, the outwelling hypothesis of Odum (1968) suggested that salt... 

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