Oxidative stress, biomarkers

Experimental evidence in humans is based upon intervention studies with diets enriched in carotenoids or carotenoid-contaiifing foods. Oxidative stress biomarkers are measured in plasma or urine. The inhibition of low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation has been posmlated as one mechanism by which antioxidants may prevent the development of atherosclerosis. Since carotenoids are transported mainly via LDL in blood, testing the susceptibility of carotenoid-loaded LDL to oxidation is a common method of evaluating the antioxidant activities of carotenoids in vivo. This type of smdy is more precisely of the ex vivo type because LDLs are extracted from plasma in order to be tested in vitro for oxidative sensitivity after the subjects are given a special diet. 

Results obtained in in vivo and ex vivo experiments are of various types. Some studies have found positive effects of the consumption of carotenoids or foods containing carotenoids on the markers of in vivo oxidative stress, even in smokers. Other studies demonstrated no effects of carotenoid ingestion on oxidative stress biomarkers of lipid peroxidation. " It should be noted that for studies using food, the activity observed may also be partly due to other antioxidant molecules in the food (phenols, antioxidant vitamins) or to the combination of actions of all the antioxidants in the food. 

Borthakur G, K Sprandel, ES Hwang et al. 2005. Effect of chronic dosing of lycopene as a tomato-based beverage on oxidative stress biomarkers. FASEB J 19(4) A472. 

For applications in the diagnostics and biomarker area, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2,-deoxyguanosine (8-oxoGuo) was measured as an oxidation stress biomarker in urine samples from smokers and non-smokers (Hu et al. 2006). When 100, uL of samples (10 times dilution) were used, a detection limit of 5.7 pg/mL (2.0 fmol) was achieved. The cycle time was 10 min per sample. The application was used for clinical scale. A similar approach was used for the detection of N7-methylguanine, another carcinogen exposure biomarker in human urine (Chao et al. 2005). 

Soga, T., Baran, R., Suematsu, M., Ueno, Y, Ikeda, S., Sakurakawa, T., Kakazu, Y, Ishikawa, T., Robert, M., Nishioka, T. and Tomita, M. (2006) Differential metabolomics reveals ophthalmic add as an oxidative stress biomarker indicating hepatic glutathione consumption. Joumol of Biological Chemistry, 281 (24), 16768-16776. 

Nunes B., F. Carvalho, and L. GuiUiermino (2006). Effects of widely used pharmaceuticals and a detergent on oxidative stress biomarkers of the crustacean Artemia parthenogenatica. Chemosphere 62 581-594. 

Ahmad, I., M. Pacheco, and M.A. Santos. 2006. Anguilla anguilla L. oxidative stress biomarkers An in situ study of freshwater wetland ecosystem (Pateira de Fermentelos, Portugal). Chemosphere 65 952-962. 

Monteiro, D.A., de Almeida, J.A., Rantin, F.T., and Kalinin, A.L., Oxidative stress biomarkers in the freshwater characid fish, Brycon cephalus, exposed to organophosphorus insecticide Folisuper 600 (methyl parathion), Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 143C, 141, 2006. 

Sayeed, I., Parvez, S., Pandey, S., Bin-Hafeez, B., Haque, R., and Raisuddin, S., Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure to deltamethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 56, 295, 2003. 

Covas, M. I., Konstantinidou, V., Mysytaki, E., Eito, M., Weinbrenner, T., De La Torre, R., Farre-Albadalejo, M., Lamuela-Raventos, R. (2003). Postprandial effects of wine consumption on lipids and oxidative stress biomarkers. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res., 29, 217-223. 

Soga T, Baran R, Suematsu M, Ueno Y, Ikeda S, Sakurakawa T, Kakazu Y, Ishikawa T, Robert M, Nishioka T, Tomita M (2006) Differential metabolomics reveals ophthalmic acid as an oxidative stress biomarker indicating hepatic glutathione consumption. J Biol Chem 281 16768-16776... 

Afzal M, Afzal A, Jones A, Armstrong D. A rapid method for the quantification of GSH and GSSG in biological samples. InrArmstrong D, editor. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols. Totowa, NJ Human Press Inc 2002. p 117-122. 

Volpato, G.T., D.C. Damasceno, M.V. Rudge, C.R. Padovani, and I.M. Calderon. 2008. Effect of Bauhinia forficata aqueous extract on the maternal-fetal outcome and oxidative stress biomarkers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. /. Ethnopharmacol. 116(1) 131-137. 

Stobiecka, M., Deeb, J., Hepel, M., 2010. Ligand exchange effects in gold nanoparticle assembly induced by oxidative stress biomarkers homocysteine and cysteine. Biophys. Chem. 146, 98-107. 

Karaouzene, N., Merzouk, H., Aribi, M., Merzouk, S.A., Berrouiguet, A.Y., Tessier, C., Narce, M. Effects of the association of aging and obesity on lipids, lipoproteins and oxidative stress biomarkers A comparison of older with young men. 

Sanchez D, Quinones M, Moulay L, Muguerza B, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Soluble fiber-enriched diets improve inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in zucker fatty rats. Pharmacol Res. 2011 64(l) 31-35. 

Neyestani, T.R., Shariatzade, N., Kalayi, A. Gharavi, A., Khalaji, N., Dadkhah, M., et al. 2010. Regular daily intake of black tea improves oxidative stress biomarkers and decreases serum C-reactive protein levels in type 2 diabetic patients , Ann. Nutr. Metab., 57 40 9. 

Azmi et al. (2014) created a handheld, POC system, in which a silicon nanowire biosensor (SiNW) chip is wire-bonded to a bio-smartcard and subsequently slotted into an electronic readout device. This sensor detects an oxidative stress biomarker, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which has been related to prostate cancer risk. 

Ferreira, N.S., Sales, M.G.F., 2014. Disposable immunosensor using a simple method for oriented antibody immobilization for label-free real-time detection of an oxidative stress biomarker implicated in cancer diseases. Biosens. Bioelectron. 53, 193-199. Available at http //linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095656631300674X. 

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