Waxed leather

Leather was sometimes treated with wax to make it harder and more water-resistant. The most effective method was to immerse leather sheets or objects in hot liquid wax for some period of time, long enough for the wax to penetrate all the way through the skin. Leather items too big for this treatment could be coated with wax, but this was not as effective since the wax was then only on the surface. Waxed leather was commonly used for containers liquids, such as buckets, bottles, and cups. It was also used to make protective armor and shields for both people and horses. 

Ozocerite Mineral wax Fossil wax Cere sin wax Leather polish Sealing wax Candles Crayons Waxed paper Textile sizing Natural deposits General stores Department store Dried Tea Leaves Sugar... 

Starwax 100 wax, industrial paints MIcropro 200 wax, lacquers Microcrystalline wax wax, laminations general purpose Astor OK 103 wax, leather finishes Ross Beeswax Ross Candelllla Wax Ross Carnauba Wax Ross Synthetic... 

Candelilla (Euphorbia cerifera) wax leather dressing oils PEG-15 stearate leather dressings... 

Uses Emulsifier for waxes, leather care agents, wood and paper impregnation agents... 

Canasol MJ 45 Canasol MJ 52 A Canasol MJ 59 Canasol MJ 5001 Canasol R 3603 Canasol R 4000 H PEG-16 castor oil PEG-15 hydrogenated castor oil PEG-5 laurate PEG-13 tallate PEG-23 tallate emulsifier, waxes leather dressing compds. 

MIBK is a highly effective separating agent for metals from solutions of their salts and is used in the mining industries to extract plutonium from uranium, niobium from tantalum, and zirconium from hafnium (112,113). MIBK is also used in the production of specialty surfactants for inks (qv), paints, and pesticide formulations, examples of which are 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol and its ethoxylated adduct. Other appHcations include as a solvent for adhesives and wax/oil separation (114), in leather (qv) finishing, textile coating, and as a denaturant for ethanol formulations. 

Additioaal uses for higher olefias iaclude the productioa of epoxides for subsequeat coaversioa iato surface-active ageats, alkylatioa of benzene to produce drag-flow reducers, alkylation of phenol to produce antioxidants, oligomeriza tion to produce synthetic waxes (qv), and the production of linear mercaptans for use in agricultural chemicals and polymer stabilizers. Aluminum alkyls can be produced from a-olefias either by direct hydroalumination or by transalkylation. In addition, a number of heavy olefin streams and olefin or paraffin streams have been sulfated or sulfonated and used in the leather (qv) iadustry. 

Natural Ethoxylated Fats, Oils, and Waxes. Castor oil (qv) is a triglyceride high in ticinoleic esters. Ethoxylation in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to a polyoxyethylene content of 60—70 wt % yields water-soluble surfactants (Table 20). Because alkaline catalysts also effect transestenfication, ethoxylated castor oil surfactants are complex mixtures with components resulting from transesterrfication and subsequent ethoxylation at the available hydroxyl groups. The ethoxylates are pale amber Hquids of specific gravity just above 1.0 at room temperature. They are hydrophilic emulsifiers, dispersants, lubricants, and solubilizers used as textile additives and finishing agents, as well as in paper (qv) and leather (qv) manufacture. 

Corrosion inhibitors Cosmetics, drugs Electrical insulation Electrolytic refining Fertilizers Fire retardants Glass and glass wool Herbicides Insecticides Leather tanning Photography Textile dyes Wax emulsifier Wool preservatives... 

Chlorates are strong oxidising agents. Dry materials, such as cloth, leather, or paper, contaminated with chlorate may be ignited easily by heat or friction. Extreme care must be taken to ensure that chlorates do not come in contact with heat, organic materials, phosphoms, ammonium compounds, sulfur compounds, oils, greases or waxes, powdered metals, paint, metal salts (especially copper), and solvents. Chlorates should be stored separately from all flammable materials in a cool, dry, fireproof building. 

Cross-linkable rubbery polyesters have been produced but are now no longer produced. Rubbery polyester-amides were introduced by ICI under the trade name Vulcaprene as a leathercloth material but later were used primarily as leather adhesives and as flexible coatings for rubber goods. A typical polymer may be made by condensing ethylene glycol, adipic acid and ethanolamine to a wax with a molecular weight of about 5000. 

Sattler, m. saddler, -leder, n, saddler s leather -pech, n, saddler s pitch, saddler s wax. sattsam, a. sufficient. — adv. sufficiently. Saturateur, m. saturator. 

Storage stability Store DF in lead and wax-lined carboys, high-density polyethylene bottles, or nickel-lined containers in well-ventilated areas. Never store DF with alcohols DF will react with alcohols to form lethal chemicals, such as crude GB. Incompatible with water, glass, concrete, most metals, natural rubber, leather, and organic materials like glycols. The acidic corrosive hydrolysis products may react with metals, such as Al, Pb, and Fe, to give off hydrogen gas, a potential fire and explosive hazard. 

Sizing. Material used to. increase or improve the stiffness, strength, smoothness, or weight of fibers, yarns, fabrics, paper, leather, and the like. Examples are starch, oils, gums, waxes, polymers, and silicones. 

Uses Solvent for celluloid, cellulose acetate, fats, oils, waxes, nitrocellulose and resins wood preservatives rayon and artificial leather imitation gold leaf extraction of resins and waxes in antifreeze mixtures and hydraulic fluids laboratory reagent preservative for animal tissue dyeing mixtures stripping agent for textiles. 

Hatchett treated various kinds of wood, coal, and coke with nitric acid and found that a substance very analogous to tannin. . . may at any time be produced by exposing carbonaceous substances, whether vegetable, animal, or mineral, to the action of nitric acid. He also converted skin into leather by means of materials which, to professional men, must appear extraordinary, such as deal sawdust, asphaltum, common turpentine, pit coal, wax candle, and a piece of the same sort of skin.. . . ... 

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