Polyester-amides

Tetsuka and co-workers [15] showed that the of copolymers prepared by two-step polycondensation reactions of adipate, butane-1,4-diamine and linear diol homopolyesters were higher than those of polyesters consisting of the same ester units, and tended to increase with an increase in amide content of copolymers produced from adipate, butane-1,4-diol, and butane-1,4-diamine had especially high thermal stabilities compared to polytetramethylene adipate. They had of more than 200 °C. 

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Cross-linkable rubbery polyesters have been produced but are now no longer produced. Rubbery polyester-amides were introduced by ICI under the trade name Vulcaprene as a leathercloth material but later were used primarily as leather adhesives and as flexible coatings for rubber goods. A typical polymer may be made by condensing ethylene glycol, adipic acid and ethanolamine to a wax with a molecular weight of about 5000. 

See also PBT degradation structure and properties of, 44-46 synthesis of, 106, 191 Polycaprolactam (PCA), 530, 541 Poly(e-caprolactone) (CAPA, PCL), 28, 42, 86. See also PCL degradation OH-terminated, 98-99 Polycaprolactones, 213 Poly(carbo[dimethyl]silane)s, 450, 451 Polycarbonate glycols, 207 Polycarbonate-polysulfone block copolymer, 360 Polycarbonates, 213 chemical structure of, 5 Polycarbosilanes, 450-456 Poly(chlorocarbosilanes), 454 Polycondensations, 57, 100 Poly(l,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (PCT), 25 Polydimethyl siloxanes, 4 Poly(dioxanone) (PDO), 27 Poly (4,4 -dipheny lpheny lpho sphine oxide) (PAPO), 347 Polydispersity, 57 Polydispersity index, 444 Poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA), 41 Poly(DL-lactic acid) (PDLLA), 42 Polyester amides, 18 Polyester-based networks, 58-60 Polyester carbonates, 18 Polyester-ether block copolymers, 20 Polyester-ethers, 26... 

Although polymers in-service are required to be resistant toward hydrolysis and solar degradation, for polymer deformulation purposes hydrolysis is an asset. Highly crystalline materials such as compounded polyamides are difficult to extract. For such materials hydrolysis or other forms of chemolysis render additives accessible for analysis. Polymers, which may profitably be depolymerised into their monomers by hydrolysis include PET, PBT, PC, PU, PES, POM, PA and others. Hydrolysis occurs when moisture causes chain scissions to occur within the molecule. In polyesters, chain scissions take place at the ester linkages (R-CO-O-R ), which causes a reduction in molecular weight as well as in mechanical properties. Polyesters show their susceptibility to hydrolysis with dramatic shifts in molecular weight distribution. Apart from access to the additives fraction, hydrolysis also facilitates molecular characterisation of the polymer. In this context, it is noticed that condensation polymers (polyesters, -amides, -ethers, -carbonates, -urethanes) have also been studied much... 

The following gives representative properties of the polyester amides ... 

Biodegradable polyesters are also made by copolymerization of aliphatic and aromatic forms, or by polyester amide structures. The molecular structures need... 

In this chapter we describe the synthesis of new hyperbranched polyester-amides carried out with standard melt condensation technology as well as the properties of these new structures. 

There are two ways to make hyperbranched polyester amides water soluble. One is to functionahze the periphery of the molecule with hydrophilic groups, the other the use of suitable anhydrides to obtain water solubihty via the core. These approaches are shown in Fig. 24. 

Commercially available hyperbranched polymers are Polyglycerol (aliphatic polyether polyol) and Polyethylenimine (aliphatic polyamine) both from Hyperpolymers, Boltom (aliphatic polyesters) from Perstorp and Hybrane (aromatic polyester amide) from DSM. 

Method of preparing random poly(amide-fe-ester) derivatives through depoly merization/repolymerization of cyclic polyesters then coreacting with lactam derivatives using a nonmetallic carbene catalyst This method for preparing polyester amides is unreported. 

One-step partial oxidation of propane to acrylic acid (an essential chemical widely used for the production of esters, polyesters, amides, anilides, etc.) has been investigated so far on three types of catalysts, namely, vanadium phosphorus oxides, heteropolycompounds and, more successfully, on mixed metal oxides. The active catalysts generally consist of Mo and V elements, which are also found in catalysts used for the oxidation of propene to acrolein and that of acrolein to acrylic acid. 

Polyester-amides Polyanhydrides Polyalkylene oxamate based on P-hydroxy-l-hexanol Copolyanhydrides of sebacic and l,3-propane-bis-(4-oxybenzoate) A, B, G C, H... 

The preparations of thermotropic polyester-amides from comparable monomers as those of thermotropic polyesters were a logical extension of a series of studies in thermotropic polyesters and lyotropic polyamides. (4.) However the inclusion of carbonates had rarely been explored.(5) Because of the flexibility of carbonate compared to substituted aromatic rings, it should be an even more effective approach in lowering the melting temperatures of the unmodified all aromatic polyesters into the easily processable range. 

Figure 12.3 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) polyester amide block copolymers by enzymatic polycondensation of (diaminopropyl)polydimethylsiloxanes, diethyl adipate, and 1,8-octanediol [11].

Biodegradable thermoplastic composites, comprising aliphatic polyester urethanes or polyester amides and wood flour as a reinforcing material, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,905 [126]. 

Kishiro, H. Kamata, and H. Sakai. Aromatic polyester, aromatic polyester-amide and processes for producing the same. US Patent 5 025 082, assigned to Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation (Tokyo, JP), June 18, 1991. 

Synthetic polymers are either polyolefins synthesized from olefin and alkene monomers by covalent bonding or polymers of esters, amides, urethanes, and some other functional group monomers. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and Teflon are some common examples of polyolefins and polyalkenes. PET, nylon, Kevlar, and Spandex are some examples of polyesters, amides, and urethanes. 

Examples of few common polyester, amide, and urethane synthetic polymers. 

A.K. Mohanty, M.A. Khan, G. Hinrichsen, Influence of chemical surface modification on the propoties of biodegradable jute fabrics—polyester amide composites. Composites A Appl. Sci. Manufacturing 31 (2000) 143-150. 

Some synthetic polymers like, polyurethanes, specifically polyether-polyurethanes, are likely to be degraded by microbes but not completely. However, several polymers such as, polyamides, polyfluorocarbons, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polycarbonate are highly resistant to microbial degradation. Natural polymers are generally more biodegradable than synthetic polymers specifically, polymers with ester groups like aliphatic polyesters [1]. Therefore, several natural polymers such as cellulose, starch, blends of those with synthetic polymers, polylactate, polyester-amide, and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have been the focus of attention in the recent years [3]. 

Bioactive glass, Chitosan fibre, Polyester amides Park et al. [411 ]... 

Fibrous fillers for biomedical PLA-based FRPs include carbon and inorganic fibres [406], PLLA (i.e. self-reinforcement) [407,408], poly(p-dioxane) fibre [409], chitin [410], biodegradable fibre (e.g. bioactive glass, chitosan fibre, polyester amides) [411], hydroxyapatite fibre [412], hydroxyapatite whiskers [413], halloysite (Al2Si205(0H)4) nanotubes [414] and the fibre from different tissue types of Picea sitchensis [415],... 

Triglycerides, Soybean oil. Castor oU, Sunflower oil. Oil-based polymers. Fatty acids, Epoxidized oils. Interpenetrating networks, CrossUnking of oils. Oil-based polyurethanes, OU-hased polyamides. Oil-based polyester-amides. Oil-based alkyd resins. Oil-based polyesters. Oil-based poly(hydroxyalkanoates)... 

Polyester-amides, as such, or filled with alumina particles, were prepared from N,N -bis(2 hydroxyethyl) LO (HELA) and phthalic acid, in the presence or absence of poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), with the aim of preparing novel surface coating materials [73-75]. These polymers were further modified with TDI, in order to... 

Figure 3.10 H-NMR spectrum of PEA-TDI polyester-amide-urethane reported in Reference [76]. (Reproduced by permission of Elsevier. Copyright 2004. Reprinted from Reference [76]).

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