Waterborne salts

Erdalith Preservative shall be used to treat redwood lumber by the pressure treating process. The waterborne salts are, by weight, 33% copper sulfate, 56% potassium dichromate and 11% arsenic pen-toxide. Lumber treatment shall be to an average retention at shipment of 0.75 lb/ft3. 

Waterborne salts such as chromium-copper-arsenate (CCA) have been used to [xotect wood from attack by insects or fungi for some time. Substantial amauits of CCA rmiain in the wood for long periods, Mich make CCA the preferred agent for wood treatment. Most of the arsenic is present in the treated wood as CrAs04, which is precipitated on cellulose or... 

Waterborne Salts. Waterborne inorganic salts are a special group of penetrating finishes. These surface treatments result in a finish similar to the semitransparent penetrating finishes because they change the color of the wood and leave a surface deposit of material similar to the pigment found in the semitransparent stains. 

Preservatives, Although not generally classified as wood finishes, preservatives do protect wood against weathering and decay, and much preservative-treated wood is exposed without any additional finish (4), The following are the three main types of preservative (an example of each is given in parentheses) (4) preservative oils (coal-tar creosote), organic solvent solutions (pentachlorophenol), and waterborne salts (chromated copper arsenate). 

Waterborne Salts. Waterborne salts for wood preservation include zinc chloride, chro-mated zinc chloride, copperized chromated zinc chloride, zinc meta arsenite, chromated zinc arsenate, chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper arsenite, acid copper chromate, and fluor chrome arsenate phenol. These chemicals leave little odor and have little effect on the appearance of the wood, which may also be painted. The zinc chloride salts, at high penetrations, also provide fire retardance.Wood should be reseasoned before use because this type of chemical treatment injects a large amount of water into the wood. 

The most widely used preservatives are the class of inorganic waterborne salts that contain Cu, Cr, As, B and Zn. A list of commonly used preservatives of this type is presented in Table 1. 

Table 1 Common inorganic waterborne salt type wood preservatives recommended in-service situation are listed...

The two-component waterborne urethanes are similar in nature to the one-component waterborne urethanes. In fact, many one-component PUD s may benefit from the addition of a crosslinker. The two-component urethanes may have higher levels of carboxylic acid salt stabilizer built into the backbone than is actually needed to stabilize the urethane in water. As a result, if these two-component urethane dispersions were to be used as one-component adhesives by themselves (without crosslinker), they would show very poor moisture resistance. When these two-component urethane dispersions are used in conjunction with the crosslinkers listed in Fig. 8, the crosslinkers will react with the carboxylic pendant groups built into the urethane, as previously shown in the one-component waterborne urethane section. This accomplishes two tasks at the same time (1) when the crosslinker reacts with the carboxylic acid salt, it eliminates much of the hydrophilicity associated with urethane dispersion, and (2) it crosslinks the dispersion, which imparts solvent and moisture resistance to the urethane adhesive (see phase V in Fig. 5). As a result of crosslinking, the physical properties may be modified. For example, the results may be an increase in tensile properties and a decrease in elongation. Depending upon the level of crosslinking, the dispersion may lose the ability to be repositionable. (Many of the one-component PUD s may... 

Chelants have the ability to take waterborne metal ions such as Ca and Mg (but also Fe and Cu) and produce soluble coordinate bond complexes. Therefore, they can be employed for the control of FW hardness salts and other related problems. 

Treating petroleum oils with 3-5% calcium alkyl salicylate and 0.5-3% triethanolamine salts of phosphoric acid esters and ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol increases oxidation-thermal stability at 180-200°C in the manufacture of oil for metal parts quenching. The agent provides also short-term anticorrosion protection of the hardened articles [261]. Phosphoric acid salt alkyl esters are used in anticorrosives and aqueous dispersions in waterborne polyester coatings for metals [244]. 

Inorganic salts of organic compounds may be present in fuel waterborne solids may be in fuel... 

Inorganic Salts. A number of the metal salts have fungicidal activity and are used to formulate commercial wood preservatives. The principal metal salts used are compounds of arsenic, chromium, copper, and zinc. In order to provide the desired fungicidal activity, leach resistance, and low corrosivity, combinations of these compounds are used. All of the formulations discussed later are waterborne solutions. Only a brief description of these preservative systems will be presented here more detailed presentations can be found elsewhere (3). 

Water-borne Administration. For the waterborne route of exposure, drug solubility in water is a major concern. Use of sonication, warming, salt formation, dilution and carrier vehicles may facilitate dispersal of sparingly-soluble drugs into water-based stock solutions. Whenever possible, the drug should be added directly to dilution water without carrier solvents. Dimethylformamide, ethanol and acetone, can be used to facilitate solubilization if concentrations of the carrier do not exceed 0.01% of the final dilution water. 

Airborne dusts and grit Waterborne mud and silts Calcium and magnesium salts Iron oxide... 

Waterborne preservatives, normally water soluble salts, which then undergo fixation on action. 

Waterborne systems based on resol-epoxy resin precondensates are already at an advanced development stage. Carboxyl groups are introduced into the preformed resols and made water soluble by salt formation with amines. These systems offer a significant saving in solvent compared with that of conventional high-solvent, high-viscosity products. 

Chem. Descrip. PU disp. (39%) in water with N-methyipyrroiidone (4.7%) and neutraiizer N,N-dimethyiethanoiamine (1.9%), as salt Uses Urethane for waterborne two-pack PU coatings, air-drying coatings, coatings for wide variety of substrates incl. metal, concrete, and plastic... 

Chem. Descrip. 2-Dimelhylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol CAS 7005-47-2 EINECS/ELINCS 230-279-6 Uses Neutralizer tor waterborne systems amine solubilizer tor resins in aq. coatings emulsifier tor waxes vapor-phase corrosion inhibitor urethane catalyst titanate solubilizer raw material for synthesis add salt as delayed cure catalyst in permanent press resins Properties APHA100 max. color misc. with water sp.gr. 0.95 dens. 7.9 Ib/gal vise. (Gardner) A-A2 f.p. -20 C b.p. 98 C (760 mm) flash pt. (TOC) 150 F pH 11.6 (0.1N aq.) 80% act. 

Chem. Descrip. Calcium sulfonate/carbonate complex in oil/water Uses Conosion inhibitor in waterborne coatings salt spray resist, improver in acrylic or styrene/aciylic copolymer emulsions Features Solv.-free... 

Chem. Descrip. Aq. ammonia sol n. of zinc oxide Uses Crosslinking agent to improve early water, salt spray, and block resist, of waterborne coatings Features Reacts with free acid groups of polymer Properties Dens. 10.1 Ib/gal vise. 5 cps pH 11.4 15% NV Zinc Oxide 5 [Elementis Spec.]... 

Even if the polymeric salts are capable of anodic or cathodic electrodeposition, waterborne paints made from them do not have to be applied in this way. The solution or emulsion paints produced can be applied by virtually any technique. There will be an increasing use of this type of paint as legislation, economics and world petroleum shortages encourage the use of decreasing amounts of volatile organic solvents and paints of low flammability. 

Water absorption and absorption of waterborne pollutants (pollutants are soluble salts and gases) ... 

Waterborne systems (approximately 15% of the market) are applied in the same way as creosote but rely on the preservative effects of CCA salts (chrome copper arsenate Cr03.Cu0.As205). Metal leaching is an issue with such systems. 

Waterborne polyurethane resins are produced from maleinised monoglyceride (MMG) of sunflower oil, hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene, toluene diisocyanate and ethylene diamine. The carboxylic acid groups of MMG are neutralised by triethyl amine, making the resin water dispersible. The monoalkylated castor oil (MCO) or dehydrated castor oil (DCO) is treated with a polyether glycol at 120°C, followed by the addition of IPDI and DBTDL. To obtain a series of aqueous polyurethanes, butane diol and dimethylol propionic acids (DMPA) are added and the mixture heated to 70°C for two hours to produce a NCO-terminated pre-polymer which forms salt with triethylamine, giving a water-soluble polymer. The reaction mixture is dispersed in water and a chain extender, ethylene diamine, is added. Two aqueous polyurethanes, MCPU and DCPU, are finally obtained from MCO and DCO, respectively. 

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