Amines solubilization

For some years, this type of vehicle was used in anionic electro deposition primers. However for automobiles cationic electro deposition primers are now preferred. The vehicles for cationic primers are proprietary but probably consist of the reaction product of epoxy resins and polyfunctional amines solubilized by the conversion of amine groups into salts using an acid such as lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid) [50-21-5] Alcohol-blocked... 

Amlno-2-methylethanol 2-Aminopropanol 2-Amlno-1-propanol 2-Amlnopropan-1-ol EINECS 201-156-4 EINECS 228-207-3 1-Hydroxy-2-aminopropane 1-Methyl-2-hydroxyethylamine NSC 1360 p-Propanol-amine 1-Propanol, 2-amino- MIPA Aliphatic amine. Solubilizer, neutralizer, emulsifying agent ptasticizers, insecticides. Liquid bpn 173-176 soluble in H2O, organic solvents. Ashland BASF Corp. Mitsui Toatsu. 

Chem. Descrip. 2-Dimelhylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol CAS 7005-47-2 EINECS/ELINCS 230-279-6 Uses Neutralizer tor waterborne systems amine solubilizer tor resins in aq. coatings emulsifier tor waxes vapor-phase corrosion inhibitor urethane catalyst titanate solubilizer raw material for synthesis add salt as delayed cure catalyst in permanent press resins Properties APHA100 max. color misc. with water sp.gr. 0.95 dens. 7.9 Ib/gal vise. (Gardner) A-A2 f.p. -20 C b.p. 98 C (760 mm) flash pt. (TOC) 150 F pH 11.6 (0.1N aq.) 80% act. 

Temporary hair dye products usually are formulated at a neutral or slightly acidic pH. Besides the dyes, the formulations may contain a small amount of a quaternary amine to neutralize the negative charge on the dyes, a fragrance, a small amount of a solvent or surfactant to solubilize the fragrance, and a preservative (Table 6). 

Semipermanent hair color products are formulated at an alkaline pH, usually between 8.5 and 10. At this pH the cuticle of the hair lifts away from the hair a Httie, allowing for easier penetration of dye. An alkyl amine buffered with an organic acid normally is used to obtain the desired pH. The formulations contain a mixture of solvents and surfactants to solubilize the dyes and a thickening agent is added so that the product stays on the hair without mnning or dripping. A 20—30 min appHcation time is normal for this type of product. A representative formula for a semipermanent dye product is given in Table 7. 

The covalent character of mercury compounds and the corresponding abiUty to complex with various organic compounds explains the unusually wide solubihty characteristics. Mercury compounds are soluble in alcohols, ethyl ether, benzene, and other organic solvents. Moreover, small amounts of chemicals such as amines, ammonia (qv), and ammonium acetate can have a profound solubilizing effect (see COORDINATION COMPOUNDS). The solubihty of mercury and a wide variety of mercury salts and complexes in water and aqueous electrolyte solutions has been well outlined (5). 

Resin Solubilizers. In general, water-soluble resins ate amine salts of acidic polymers. Water-soluble coatings formulated with AMP-95 and DMAMP-80 exhibit superior performance (15,16) (see Water-SOLUBLE polymers). AMP-95, used in conjunction with associative thickeners (17) or hydroxy-ethylceUulose, provides for the most efficient utilization of such thickeners. It also is the neutralizer of choice for use with hair spray resins. 

Sulfenamide accelerators generally requite less fatty acid because they release an amine during the vulcanization process which acts to solubilize the zinc. Guanidines and similar amine accelerators also serve to both activate and accelerate vulcanization. 

Water-dispersible resins contain carboxyhc groups which are neutralized using base or amine compounds. This solubilizes the resin in solution and also promotes pigment wetting. Film formation occurs by the evaporation of volatiles foUowed by cross-linking through ambient cure oxidative reactions or elevated temperature reactions. Solvents, most commonly glycol ethers, are used to promote film formation and improve film quahty. 

Fast Color Salts. In order to simplify the work of the dyer, diazonium salts, in the form of stable dry powders, were introduced under the name of fast color salts. When dissolved in water they react like ordinary diazo compounds. These diazonium salts, derived from amines, free from solubilizing groups, are prepared by the usual method and are salted out from the solutions as the sulfates, the metallic double salts, or the aromatic sulfonates. The isolated diazonium salt is sold in admixture with anhydrous salts such as sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate. 

When secondary or primary amines are used in place of ammonia the corresponding dialkylaminomethylenephosphonic acids (7) or alkyliminobismethyl-enephosphonic acids (8) are formed. These are used as lime soap dispersants and solubilizers of water in organic solvents [131-135]. 

Among the agricultural chemicals used for the cultivation of tobacco crops we find several amines, amides and carbamates. These include dimethyldodecylamine acetate (Penar), maleic hydra-zide-diethanolamine (MH-30), and carbaryl (Sevin) as a representative of the methyl urethanes (Figure 3 , 14), It is known that small quantities of these agents are found as residues in harvested tobacco (15). To date, only diethanolamine (DELA), the water-solubilizer for maleic hydrazide in MH-30, has been studied as a possible precursor for nitrosamines in tobacco and in tobacco smoke. In 1976, more than 1,400 metric tons of maleic hydrazide had been used on U.S. tobacco (16), most of which had been applied as the MH-30 formulation with diethanolamine (14,16). 

The NHS ester end of NHS-LC-biotin reacts with amine groups in proteins and other molecules to form stable amide bond derivatives (Figure 11.4). Optimal reaction conditions are at a pH of 7-9, but the higher the pH the greater will be the hydrolysis rate of the ester. Avoid amine-containing buffers which will compete in the acylation reaction. NHS-LC-biotin is insoluble in aqueous reaction conditions and must be solubilized in organic solvent prior to the addition of a small quantity to a buffered reaction. Preparation of concentrated stock solutions may be done in DMF or DMSO. Nonaqueous reactions also may be done with this reagent for the modification of molecules insoluble in water. The molar ratio of NHS-LC-biotin to a... 

Solvent-free microwave reactions between phthalic anhydride and amino compounds were carefully re-examined by Gedye et al. [93], who showed that the reaction needs at least one liquid phase. The reaction occurs after melting of the phthalic anhydride and subsequent solubilization in the amine. It was concluded that reactions between two solids might not occur and that a high-boiling joint solvent might be necessary. Excellent yields (>90%) were always obtained within short reaction times (5-10 min) (Scheme 8.67). 

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