Polymeric salts

Amidation. Heating of the diammonium salt or reaction of the dimethyl ester with concentrated ammonium hydroxide gives adipamide [628-94-4] mp 228°C, which is relatively insoluble in cold water. Substituted amides are readily formed when amines are used. The most industrially significant reaction of adipic acid is its reaction with diamines, specifically 1,6-hexanediamine. A water-soluble polymeric salt is formed initially upon mixing solutions of the two materials then hea ting with removal of water produces the polyamide, nylon-6,6. This reaction has been studied extensively, and the hterature contains hundreds of references to it and to polyamide product properties (31). 

Termination of the process is effected by the acid polymer layer of the receiving sheet. Acting as an ion exchanger, the acid polymer forms an immobile polymeric salt with the alkah cation and returns water in place of alkah. Capture of alkaUby the polymer molecules prevents deposition of salts on the print surface. The dye developers thus become immobile and inactive as the pH of the system is reduced. 

The effectiveness of ylides in the field of polymer science was first described in 1966 by George et al. [11] who felt that 3- and 4-(bromo acetyl) pyridines, which contain both the a-haloketone and the pyridine nucleus in a single molecule, could be quaternized to polymeric quaternary salts and finally to polymeric ylides Schemes 9 and 10 by treating these polymeric salts with a base. 

A variety of reagents could be used to carry out such a conversion (18,19). We chose to react the alkoxide ion with succinic anhydride (SA), because the alkoxide ion could be converted quantitatively to the carboxylate ion when excess of SA is used, and also because no side reactions are reported (19). The carboxylate anion, 3, thus formed was used to polymerize PVL giving the masked poly(oxyethylene)-b-po y(pivalolactone) co-polymeric salt, 4. The salt, 4, was converted to the teiechelomer, 5, by acid hydrolysis.. ... 

Thomas, T. J. et al., Amer. Inst. Aero. Astron. J., 1976, 14, 1334-1335 Ignition temperatures were determined by DTA for the perchlorate salts of ethylamine, isopropylamine, 4-ethylpyridine, poly(ethyleneimine), poly(propyle-neimine), and poly(2- or 4-vinylpyridine). In contrast to the low ignition temperatures (175-200°C) of the polymeric salts, mixtures of the polymeric bases with ammonium perchlorate decompose only above 300°C. 

Polymer in solution Any (e.g., a condensation product or another polymer phase) Heterogeneous bulk or solution polymerization Salt precipitating from a condensation reaction. Prepolymerized rubber precipitating from a solution of polystyrene in styrene monomer... 

The conductivity of polymer solutions increased when benzoyl chloride was added until polymer and benzoyl chloride were equimolar. A rise in conductivity is to be expected if zwitterions are present and interact with benzoyl chloride to form a polymeric salt. 

Unlike polyacetylene, polydiacetylenes cannot be doped , i.e. oxidized or reduced to give a polymeric salt of metal-like conductivity. Nevertheless, polydiacetylenes are interesting materials for possible applications in electronic devices. 

Ushakov and Panarin synthesized polymeric salts of vinyl amine and vinyl alcohol copolymers and amides and hydrazides of penicillin derivatives. The coupled water-soluble, stable polymeric penicillin derivatives were found to have the same activity as the parent drugs. 

Many condensation polymers are formed by the interaction of bifunctional inter- mediates with the elimination of a small by-product molecule at each point of combination. A well-known example is the commercial preparation of 6-6 nylon. For this preparation, a diamine and a diacid are combined to form a polymeric salt, which then is subjected to heat and later to heat and vacuum water is eliminated and a linear polyamide is formed. 

The ion of the type Cdl+ is called an intermediate ion. The effect of this kind of ionization would be to increase the directly measured or apparent transference number of die constituent Cd++, since the complex ion we have postulated would carry iodine in the reverse direction to the normal motion of that ion and thus reduce the measured transference number of that ion. Another possibility, and the one which probably occurs in solutions of this salt, is the ionization of the polymerized salt in the form of complex ions, of which the following equations represent two of the many possibilities ... 

To this day relatively little attention has been paid to our hypothesis, put forward in 1982, that the poor processing properties are closely associated with the polymeric salt character and cannot therefore be considered in isolation from conductivity (a salt displays spatially separated positive and negative charges in the case of polyaniline the former are located on every second monomer unit, the negative counter-ions on certain sites in their vicinity). Since these substances cannot be dissolved, we sought to disperse them in a suitable medium—the matrix . 

Emeraldine, based on treatment with 1,0 M HF, HCl, HBr or HI, produced highly conductive polymeric salts and the HBr salt was found to be the most stable material against thermal degradation [170]. 

The EDX analyses (EDAX is in feet the brand name of EDX detector produced by EDAX, division of Ametck), besides relative amounts of the elements, can also provide valuable information about location of these elements on the surfece. This is especially important in the study of catalysts and formation of new carbonaceous materials such as, for instance, carbon nonotubes [284, 285] nanoparticles [286] or nanofilms [287]. Fig. 22 presents EDX spectra for polymeric salt-based carbons containing various amounts of transition metals [282],... 

Fig. 23. Element maps for carbons obtain ftom polymeric salts [282], Reprinted with permission from D. Hines, A. Bagreev and TJ. Bandosz, Langmuir, 20 (2004) 3388. Copyright (2004) American...

Abian O, Wilson L, Mateo C et al. (2002) Preparation of artificial hyper-hydrophiUc microenvironments (polymeric salts) surrounding enzyme molecules new enzyme derivatives to be used in any reaction medium. J Mol Catal B Enzym 19-20 295—303... 

Any type of resin can be made water-soluble. The usual procedure is to incorporate sufficient carboxyl groups into the polymer to give the resin a high acid value (Chapter 12) of 50 or more. These groups are then neutralized with a volatile base, such as ammonia or an amine, whereupon the resin becomes a polymeric salt, soluble in water or water/ether-alcohol mixtures. For example, drying oils can be made acidic if they are heat-bodied in the presence of maleic anhydride, reaction taking place between the double bonds in both materials (see Bodied Oils, Chapter 12). If the carboxyl groups are not fully neutralized, an emulsion can be produced. 

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