Salts, ionic

To ensure that reaction occurs m homogeneous solution solvents are chosen that dis solve both the alkyl halide and the ionic salt The alkyl halide substrates are soluble m organic solvents but the salts often are not Inorganic salts are soluble m water but alkyl... 

The product of an emulsion polymerization is a latex ie, polymer particles on the order of 0.5—0.15 p.m stabilized by the soap. These form the basis for the popular latex paints. SoHd mbber is recovered by coagulating the latex with ionic salts and acids (see Latex technology). 

Because of its low dielectric constant, Hquid hydrogen sulfide is a poor solvent for ionic salts, eg, NaCl, but it does dissolve appreciable quantities of anhydrous AlCl, ZnCl2, FeCl, PCl, SiCl, and SO2. Liquid hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen sulfide-containing gases under pressure dissolve sulfur. At equihbrium H2S pressure, the solubihty of sulfur in Hquid H2S at —45, 0, and 40°C is 0.261, 0.566, and 0.920 wt %, respectively (98). The equiHbria among H2S, H2S, and sulfur have been studied (99,100). 

Miscellaneous Compounds. Among simple ionic salts cerium(III) acetate [17829-82-2] as commercially prepared, has lV2 H2O, has a moderate (- 100 g/L) aqueous solubiUty that decreases with increased temperature, and is an attractive precursor to the oxide. Cerous sulfate [13454-94-9] can be made in a wide range of hydrated forms and has solubiUty behavior comparable to that of the acetate. Many double sulfates having alkaU metal and/or ammonium cations, and varying degrees of aqueous solubiUty are known. Cerium(III) phosphate [13454-71 -2] being equivalent to mona2ite, is very stable. 

Metal impurities can be determined qualitatively and quantitatively by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the required purification procedures can be formulated. Metal impurities in organic compounds are usually in the form of ionic salts or complexes with organic compounds and very rarely in the form of free metal. If they are present in the latter form then they can be removed by crystallising the organic compound (whereby the insoluble metal can be removed by filtration), or by distillation in which case the metal remains behind with the residue in the distilling flask. If the impurities are in the ionic or complex forms, then extraction of the organic compound in a suitable organic solvent with aqueous acidic or alkaline solutions will reduce their concentration to acceptable levels. 

The properties of water near ionic salt surfaces are of interest not only for the understanding of the mechanism of dissolution processes but also for the understanding of the chemistry in the atmosphere next to oceans [205]. Experiments in UHV [205-208] indicate that the water-covered NaCl surface is quite stable at low temperatures. An early simulation study by Anastasiou et al. [209] focused on the arrangements and orientations of water molecules in contact with a rigid NaCl crystal. Ohtaki and coworkers investigated the dissolution of very small cubic crystals of NaF, KF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, and KCl [210] and the nucleation [211] of NaCl and CsF in a... 

Silver(I) triflate is widely applied to the preparation of various derivatives of triflic acid, both covalent esters [66] and ionic salts For example, it can be used for the in situ generation of iodine([) triflate, a very effective lodinatmg reagent for aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds [130] (equations 65 and 66)... 

R3-R2 (6) which exists in chloroform solution but which crystallizes on evaporation or cooling to give the ionic salt R3+R2 (7). This reversible ionic-covalent equilibrium is reminiscent of similar behaviour in certain halides such as AICI3 (p. 234), PCI5 (p. 499) and TeCU (p. 772), etc. 

The group oxidation state of +5 is too high to allow the formation of simple ionic salts even for Nb and Ta, and in lower oxidation states the higher sublimation energies of these heavier metals, coupled with their ease of oxidation, again militates against the formation of simple salts of the oxoacids. As a consequence the only simple oxoanion salts are the sulfates of vanadium in the oxidation states +3 and +2. These can be crystallized from aqueous solutions as hydrates and are both strongly... 

Not only cationic, but also anionic, species can be retained without addition of specially designed ligands. The anionic active [FFPt(SnCl3)4] complex has been isolated from the [NEt4][SnCl3] solvent after hydrogenation of ethylene [27]. The PtCl2 precursor used in this reaction is stabilized by the ionic salt (liquid at the reaction temperature) since no metal deposition occurs at 160 °C and 100 bar. The catalytic solution can be used repeatedly without apparent loss of catalytic activity. 

The active layer consists of a polymer having electronic conductive, ionic conductive, and luminescent properties, is blended with an ionic salt [48]. The polymer with the required properties can be realized by a blend of a conjugated and an ionic conductive polymer [481 or by specially designed polymers [71-73],... 

These ionic salts all increase the conductivity of BW electrolyte and thus enhance corrosion reaction rates, so that strict limitations on the... 

V. B. Stepanov, Interfacial Phenomena in Ionic Salt Melts. Ekaterinburg Science, 1993 (in Russian). 

Preparative chromatographic resolution procedures have overall freed chemists from the constraint of dependency on crystallization. They are most often performed with covalent diastereomer mixtures but ionic salts can also be separated. Recently, it was found that the lipophilicity of TRISPHAT anion 8 profoundly modifies the chromatographic properties of the cations associated with it and the resulting ion pairs are usually poorly retained on polar chromatographic phases (Si02, AI2O3) [131]. Using enantiopure TRISPHAT anion. 

The cations are significantly smaller than the anions in most 1 1 ionic salts, but cesium, which forms the largest monatomic cation, is an exception. Because its cations and anions are close to the same size, cesium chloride is most stable in a body-centered cubic lattice. There are Cl anions at the comers of the cube, with a Cs in the... 

The dissolving of an ionic salt to produce an aqueous solution can be analyzed by breaking the overall process into three steps. 

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