Water emulsions and

Because of the zwitterion formation, mutual buffering action, and the presence of strongly acid components, soybean phosphoHpids have an overall pH of about 6.6 and react as slightly acidic in dispersions-in-water or in solutions-in-solvents. Further acidification brings soybean phosphoHpids to an overall isoelectric point of about pH 3.5. The alcohol-soluble fraction tends to favor oil-in-water emulsions and the alcohol-insoluble phosphoHpids tend to promote water-in-oil emulsions. 

Some hquid defoamers are preemulsified relatives of paste defoamers. In addition to the fatty components mentioned above, kerosene [8008-20-6] or an organic cosolvent such as 2-propanol have been used to enhance stabiUty of the oil—water emulsion and the solubiUty of the defoamer s active ingredients. These cosolvents are used less frequently as concerns increase about volatile organic emissions (VOCs) from the paper machine. Additionally, the use of ultrapure mineral oil in defoamers has become commonplace. Concern about the creation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in the pulping process has led to the discovery of unchlorinated precursor molecules, especially in recycled mineral oil and other organic cosolvents used in defoamer formulations (28). In 1995 the mineral oil that is used is essentially free of dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran. In addition, owing to both the concern about these oils and the fluctuating cost of raw materials, the trend in paper machine defoamers is toward water-based defoamers (29). 

Electroultrafiltration has been demonstrated on clay suspensions, electrophoretic paints, protein solutions, oil—water emulsions, and a variety of other materials. Flux improvement is proportional to the appHed electric field E up to some field strength E where particle movement away from the membrane is equal to the Hquid flow toward the membrane. There is no gel-polarization layer and (in theory) flux equals the theoretical permeate flux. It... 

To check the results obtained with the floccular system, comparative investigations were also carried out with the oil/water emulsion and the enzyme resin particle system [27] or [45,47,49]. The reactor and impeller geometry s were identical for these investigations. 

Polymers of vinyl phenol are obtained by hydrolyzing polyacetoxystyrene [286,287]. The respective phenol salts can be used. The demulsifier is applicable to oil-in-water emulsions and does not require the use of zinc or other heavy metals. Therefore it does not cause the environmental problems inherent in such metals. 

U. W. Hendricks, B. Lehmann, and U. Litzinger. Process for the separation of oil-in-water emulsions, and basic polyamides (Verfahren zur Spaltung von Ol-in-Wasser-Emulsionen und Basische Polyamide). Patent EP 691150,1996. 

Eight of the 266 plants in the aluminum forming industry draw aluminum products using oil-in-water emulsions and three use soap solutions as drawing lubricants. These solutions are frequently recycled and discharged periodically after their lubrication properties are exhausted. Table 5.8 summarizes the classical and toxic pollutant data for the drawing with emulsions subcategory. 

Henry et al (23) have collected experimental data on cross-flow electro-filtration of Kaolin clay suspensions and oil-water emulsions. Since both the Kaolin particles and the oil droplets are negatively charged in aqueous suspensions, a direct electric field will always give higher filtration rates than cross-flow filtration alone. The level of improvement depends on the intensity of the fluid shear and the electric-field strength. Figures 47 and 48 present data for the Increase in flux with electric field strength for the oil-water emulsion and the clay suspension. 

Other pharmaceutical applications have seen the SdFFF applied successfully to monitor droplet size distributions in emulsions, together with their physical state or stability. Some examples are fluorocarbon emulsions, safflower oil emulsions, soybean oil emulsions, octane-in-water emulsions, and fat emulsions. SdFFF is also able to monitor changes in emulsion caused by aging or by the addition of electrolytes. SdFFF has been used to sort liposomes, as unilamellar vesicles or much larger multilamellar vesicles, the cubosom, and polylactate nanoparticles used as drug delivery systems [41]. 

Cercaci, L., Rodriguez-Estrada, M.T., Lercker, G., Decker, E.A. (2007). Phytosterol oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions and bulk oil. Food Chemistry, 102, 161-167. 

There is now a solid body of available knowledge to indicate that the general features of biopolymer self-assembly in bulk aqueous solutions can account for various detailed aspects of the stability, rheology and microstructure of oil-in-water emulsions (and foams) stabilized by the same kinds of biopolymers (Dickinson, 1997, 1998 Casanova and Dickinson, 1998 Dickinson et al., 1997, 1998 Semenova et al., 1999, 2006 van der Linden, 2006 Semenova, 2007 Ruis et al., 2007). In particular, the richness of the self-assembly and surface-active properties of the... 

KornmUller A, Wiesmann U (1999) Continuous ozonation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oil/ water-emulsions and biodegradation of oxidation products, Water, Science Technology 40 107— 114. 

Electroultrafiltration has been demonstrated on clay suspensions, electrophoretic paints, protein solutions, oil-water emulsions, and a variety of other materials. 

Figure 12.9 An oil-in-water emulsion and a water-in-oil emulsion with low volume fractions of the dispersed phase d. In addition, a water-in-oil emulsion with high volume fraction is shown. Volume fractions above 0.74 can occur due to the polydispersity of the drops. Small drops can fill the spaces between large drops.

Bates TR, Carrigan PJ. Apparent absorption kinetics of micronized griseofulvin after its oral administration on single- and multiple-dose regimens to rats as a corn oil-in-water emulsion and aqueous suspension. J Pharm Sci, 1975 64 1475-1481. 

Chemical Characteristics of the Oxidative Fluorescence-Producing Reaction and Presumptive Implication of Malonaldehyde The reaction producing measurable fluorescence on polyamide powder can be carried out in the gas phase by exposure to the volatiles from oxidizing polyunsaturated lipids, whether acids, esters, triglycerides, or phosphatides. It can be also carried out within either the oil phase or a water emulsion, and, as noted above, it can be followed in the vapor above an emulsion, providing the pH is 5.5 or below. 

Fluhr et al. presented similar results.21 Four different vehicles (water in oil and oil in water emulsion) and two different glycerol concentrations (5 and 10%) were tested. 10% glycerol was more efficient than 5%, independent of the basic formulation. However, the o/w emulsion seemed to be more effective than the w/o formulation.21... 

Lanolin and lanolin alcohols are excellent emulsifiers, giving oil-in-water emulsions, and can be combined with additional emulsifiers such as cetearyl alcohol to improve stability.8 The ability of anhydrous lanolin and especially lanolin alcohols to form stable emulsions with up to 300% (w/w) of water distinguishes lanolin from petrolatum in its physical properties.1 The chemical compositions of lanolin and petrolatum are also very different, as petrolatum is composed completely of hydrocarbons.16 Lanolin alcohols and petrolatum can be combined to form cholesterized petrolatum, which also has the capacity to form emulsions. For example, a mixture of 65% (w/w) lanolin, 20% (w/w) water, and 15% (w/w) petrolatum can incorporate an equivalent weight of water without changing its consistency.15,52... 

Linssen, J., Janssens, A., Reitsma, H., Bredie, W., Roozen, J. 1993. Taste Recognition Threshold Concentrations of Styrene in Oil-In-Water Emulsions and Yogurts. J. Sci. Food Agric. 61 457-462. 

Phase inversion in dead-end membrane emuisification When one prepares an oil-in-water emulsion and presses this through a hydrophilic membrane, die resulting fine emulsion will be an oil-in-water emulsion as well. However, if you would use a hydrophobic membrane, the resulting emulsion will be a water-in-oil emulsion (assuming that the surfactant system would support the formation of a water-in-oil emulsion—see the Bancroft Rule). In this case, the emulsion is inverted from an 0/W towards a W/0 emulsion (see Figure 15.21). The same can be done with a water-in-oil emulsion pressed through a hydrophilic membrane, which leads to an oil-in-water emulsion. 

Figure 15.21. (a) When the membrane is wetted by the eontinuous phase of the premix emulsion, the resulting emulsion is of the same type. If we start with an oil-in-water emulsion, and we use a hydrophilic membrane, the resulting emulsion is also oil-in-water, (b) When we use a membrane that is wetted by the dispersed phase, we obtain inversion. If we start once more with an O/W emulsion, and we use a hydrophobic membrane, we end up with a W/O emulsion. (From Suzuki etal. 1996 Suzuki etal. 1998.)... 

McAuliffe, C. D. 011-in-Water Emulsions and Their Flow Properties in Porous Media, J. Pet. Tech., June 1973, p. 727-33. 

Kiosseoglou, V. D. and Sherman, P. 1983. Influeneeof egg yolk lipoproteins on the rheology and stability of o/w emulsions and mayonnaise 1. Viscoelasticity of groundnut oil-in-water emulsions and mayonnaise. J. Texture Stud. 14 397-417. 

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are nonionic surfactants widely used in topical pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics, primarily as emulsifying agents for water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions and the stabilization of microemulsions and multiple emulsions. 

There are two control rooms. One is near the nitrator house in a control bunker, another is further away in a remote control room at a safe distance. The latter is provided with instruments to start, supervise Redox, pM NG-water emulsion and a device to shut down the unit. Both control rooms are provided with TV sets. Signals between the two houses are both electric and pneumatic, although controls on the nitration unit are only pneumatic. The remote control room is operated in case of emergency and necessity or breakdown of the automatic system. 

Aqueous solvents are the most common in pharmaceutical and, of course, in biological systems, so this chapter is concerned mainly with solutions of aqueous and mixed aqueous solvents, such as alcohol-water mixtures. The solution of dmgs in nonaqueous media (such as oils) is also considered because of the many pharmaceutical applications of nonaqueous solutions and formulations such as oil-in-water emulsions, and because of the need to understand the process of the transport of... 

Some of the laboratory separations which may be effected and some suggestive of possible commercial separations are bacteria from water, emulsions and serums, pigment from paint, fractional separation of clay particles, clarification of fruit juices, clarification of varnishes and glues, and the separation of emulsified oils from an unemulsified portion. 

In lipid-water mixtures, in oil-in-water emulsions, and in water-in-oil emulsions, the flavouring substances are distributed between the lipid and water phases as a function of the structure of the flavouring substances (more lipophilic or more hydro-philic), the type of the lipid and the temperature, amongst other things. Fig. 5.20 shows the concentration of 2-heptanone in the gas phase above the media whole milk, skimmed milk, water, edible oil. There is only very little flavouring substance in the head-space above the oil because almost all of it is dissolved in the oil. Because of its fat content, part of the 2-heptanone dissolves in the whole milk (an oil-in-water emulsion), whereas skimmed milk behaves in virtually the same way as water. The greatest concentration of 2-heptanone is to be found in the gas phase above the latter two media. Fig. 5.21 shows the effect of edible oil on the vapour pressure of selected flavouring substances. 

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