Emulsions fluorocarbon

Perfluorocarbon Emulsions (Fluorocarbon-in -Water Emulsions) Selected Topical Formulations Based on o/w or w/o Emulsions ... 

Shortly after the liquid-breathing expenment [f] was published, the same liquid was used to perfuse an isolated heart from an animal [6], by intermittent perfusion with typical aqueous buffer and fluorocarbon Then Sloviter [7] showed that an emulsion of this fluorocarbon liquid, made by ultrasonication with an albumin solution, could sustain the life of the brain of a rat as well as or better than perfusing... 

The final steps to a synthetic blood depend completely upon good chemistry tailored to meet the exact needs of the body Fluorocarbons, such as perfluorodecalin, recently have been found to induce hypennflated lungs when given either intravenously as an emulsion or mtratracheally as a neat liquid [18, 19] But this and other physiological side effects are now understood, and research is well advanced to prevent undesirable side effects in medical applications of fluorocarbon liquids... 

Fluorocarbons (PTFE, FEP, PVF2) Powder, emulsions Excellent high temperature properties. TFE to 500 F. FEP is easier to mold, but maximum use temperature is 400 F. Nearly inert chemically. Nonflammable. Loading with conductive filler improves creep resistance. Low coefficient of friction. High-temperature cable shielding, gaskets, heat-shrinkable tubing. 

These composites were prepared by mixing a fluorocarbon solution of the perfluorinated PPl dendrimers with an aqueous ethanolic solution of Pd, thereby forming an emulsion. After phase separation, the fluorous phase, which contains the dendrimer-encapsulated Pd +, was treated with a reducing agent yielding zero-valent Pd nanoclusters trapped within the dendrimer (Fig. 24). 

Other pharmaceutical applications have seen the SdFFF applied successfully to monitor droplet size distributions in emulsions, together with their physical state or stability. Some examples are fluorocarbon emulsions, safflower oil emulsions, soybean oil emulsions, octane-in-water emulsions, and fat emulsions. SdFFF is also able to monitor changes in emulsion caused by aging or by the addition of electrolytes. SdFFF has been used to sort liposomes, as unilamellar vesicles or much larger multilamellar vesicles, the cubosom, and polylactate nanoparticles used as drug delivery systems [41]. 

W.l. Rosenblum, M.G. Hadfield, A.J. Martinez, P. Schatzki, Alterations of liver and spleen following intravenous infusion of fluorocarbon emulsions. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 100 (1976) 213-217. 

M.P. Krafft, A. Chittofrati, J.G. Riess, Emulsions and microemulsions with a fluorocarbon phase, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 8 (2003) 251-258. 

S. Marie Bertilla, J.L. Thomas, P. Marie, M.P. Krafft, Co-surfactant effect of a semi-fluorinated alkane at a fluorocarbon/water interface. Impact on the stabilization of fluorocarbon-in-water emulsions, Langmuir 20 (2004) 3920-3924. 

M. Sanchez Dominguez, M.P. Krafft, E. Maillard, S. Siegrist, A. Belcourt, Prevention of adhesion and promotion of pseudoislets formation from a b-cell line by fluorocarbon emulsions, ChemBioChem 7 (2006) 1160-1163. 

N. Butz, C. Porte, H. Courrier, M.P. Krafft, T.F. Vandamme, Reverse water-in-fluorocarbon emulsions for use in pressurized metered-dose inhalers containing hydrofluor-oalkane propellants, Int. J. Pharm. 238 (2002) 257-269. 

Water-in-fluorocarbon emulsions, stabilised with fluorinated nonionic surfactants, were investigated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) spectroscopy [8,99]. The results indicated that the continuous oil phase comprised an inverse micellar solution, or water-in-oil microemulsion, with a water content of 5 to 10%. However, there was no evidence of a liquid crystalline layer at the w/o interface. A subsequent study using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) spectroscopy gave similar results [100]. 

Chain-transfer agents -m emulsion polymerization [LATEX TECITNOLOGY] (Vol 15) -for fluorocarbon elastomers [ELASTOMERS, SYNTHETIC - FLUOROCARBONELASTOMERS] (Vol 8)... 

Initiators -for acrylamide [ACRYLAMIDE POLYMERS] (Vol 1) -anionic initiators [INITIATORS - ANIONIC INITIATORS] (Voll4) -cationic initiators [INITIATORS - CATIONIC INITIATORS] (Vol 14) -in emulsion polymerization [LATEX TECHNOLOGY] (Vol 15) -for fluorocarbon elastomers [ELASTOMERS, SYNTHETIC - FLUOROCARBON ELASTOMERS] (Vol 8) -Free-radical initiators [INITIATORS - FREE-RADICAL INITIATORS] (Voll4) -organohthium compounds as [LITHIUM AND LITHIUM COMPOUNDS] (Vol 15) -peroxides as [PEROXIDES AND PEROXIDE COMPOUNDS - INORGANIC PEROXIDES] (Vol 18) -for propylene oxide [PROPYLENE OXIDE] (Vol 20) -for PUR polyols [POLYETHERS - PROPYLENE OXIDE POLYMERS] (Vol 19) -of suspension polymerization [ACRYLIC ESTER POLYMERS - SURVEY] (Vol 1)... 

Among esters of sucrose, some derivatives of fluorinated fatty acids have been prepared for evaluation as surfactants specifically designed for fluorocarbons containing emulsions used for biomedical applications, notably as blood substitutes.98,402 Some sucrose aspartate surfactants have been described.403... 

The rate of Ostwald ripening depends on the size, the polydispersity, and the solubility of the dispersed phase in the continuous phase. This means that a hydrophobic oil dispersed as small droplets with a low polydispersity already shows slow net mass exchange, but by adding an ultrahydrophobe , the stability can still be increased by additionally building up a counteracting osmotic pressure. This was shown for fluorocarbon emulsions, which were based on perfluo-rodecaline droplets stabilized by lecithin. By adding a still less soluble species, e.g., perfluorodimorphinopropane, the droplets stability was increased and could be introduced as stable blood substitutes [6,7]. 

Amphiphihc polybetaines that are end-capped by fluoroalkyl chains and which possess imique properties imparted by the fluorocarbon fragments were developed [234-236]. The polymers of common structure [Rp-26-Rp], [Rp-23a-Rp], and [Rp-(APDMAE) -Rp] (where APDMAE is 2-(3-acrylamidopropyldimethylammonio)-ethanoate and Rp is fluorinated hydrocarbons) were shown to exhibit a wide variety of dispersing, aggregate, and emulsion properties. The viscosity of [Rp-(APDMAE) -Rp] in water consid-... 

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