Conceptual Flowsheet

An elementary explanation is given below for one of the cherished examples of Chemical Engineering the first order, monomolecular, irreversible reaction without change in mol numbers  

The material balance for steady-state operation of a perfectly mixed reactor is  

To calculate the rate, the values of F, Cao, and Ca must be measured, since r = F (C Ao - CA)/V. The measurement of all three variables involves 

Now retain this favorite reaction but abandon all assumptions. If one even assumes the solid catalyzed dimerisation reaction of  

While everything said before still stands, a few more changes must be considered. According to the chemical reaction shown above, for every 

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The solution involves the use of two water substreams for scrubbing at 293 and 298 K. The first coolant is employed to undertake the cooling duty. Several conceptual flowsheets can be developed to implement this solution. Figures 9.18a and b illustrate such configurations. The developed mass exchanger is composed two sections. The top section employs Si,3 to reduce the ammonia composition in the gas from 0.13% to 0.10% and operates at an average water temperature of 293 K. In Fig. 9.18a, temperature is reduced by indirect contact cooling of the... 

The above information was used to develop conceptual flowsheets for the extraction of all of the actinides (U, Np, Pu, Am, and Cm) from high-level liquid waste from PUREX processing using 0.4 M 0fuel using 0.8 M DHDECMP in DEB. In both flowsheets, no oxidation state of Pu is necessary since the III, IV, and VI state extract into the organic phase. 

Conceptual Flowsheet for the Extraction of Actinides from HLLW. Figure 5 shows a conceptual flowsheet for the extraction of all the actinides (U, Np, Pu, Am, and Cm) from HLLW using 0.4 M 0< >D[IB]CMP0 in DEB. The CMPO compound was selected for this process because of the high D m values attainable with a small concentration of extractant and because of the absence of macro-concentrations of uranyl ion. Distribution ratios relevant to the flowsheet are shown in previous tables, IV, V, VI, and VII and figures 1 and 2. One of the key features of the flowsheet is that plutonium is extracted from the feed solution and stripped from the organic phase without the addition of any nitric acid or use of ferrous sulfamate. However, oxalic acid is added to complex Zr and Mo (see Table IV). The presence of oxalic acid reduces any Np(VI) to Np(IV) (15). The presence of ferrous ion, which is... 

Conceptual flowsheet for the extraction of actinides from high-level liquid waste using 0.4 M 0<)>D[IB]CMP0 in DEB. 

Conceptual flowsheet depicting integration of various units in the calcium looping processes for H2 generation in typical coal-gasifier facility. 

FIGURE 1.7 Conceptual flowsheet of UREX+3 for processing of LWR spent fuel. 

FIGURE 1.8 Conceptual flowsheet of GANEX with a single cycle DIAMEX-SANEX process. 

FIGURE 1.9 Conceptual flowsheet of ARTIST for advanced fuel cycle. 

Figure 8.2 Conceptual flowsheet of hybrid FutureGen/Methanol process.

The conceptual flowsheet with heat and material balance built upon supplies the key elements for sizing the units and assessing capital and operation costs, and on this basis establish the process profitability. 

Figure 5.20 Conceptual flowsheet for phenol hydrogenation with one reactor.

Figure 6.1 Conceptual flowsheet for manufacturing cumene by Dow-Kellogg process [3] (R-l) alkykation, (R-2) transalkylation, (C-l) propane column, (C-2) benzene recycle column,...

The above considerations lead to the conceptual flowsheet presented in Figure 8.5. Acid and alcohol enter countercurrently at the top and bottom of the reaction zone. The bottom product consisting of ester and some alcohol goes to an evaporator, from which the alcohol is recovered and recycled. The top vapor is condensed, and separated into two phases after decantation. The water leaves the decanter as a byproduct, while the alcohol-rich phase is sent as reflux into the column. 

Figure 8.5 Conceptual flowsheet for the synthesis of the 2-ethylhexyl dodecanoate.

The considerations developed so far allows setting up the final conceptual flowsheet, as displayed in Figure 11.9. After reaction and quench the off-gas is submitted to a first separation of acrylonitrile by low-temperature cooling, at 10 °C. In the decanter the liquid splits into two phases. If the acetonitrile concentration is negligible, the organic phase containing acrylonitrile can be sent directly to the first purification column (Heads). The aqueous phase is sent to the acrylonitrile recovery. The off-gas from flash is compressed at 4.5 bar and submitted to absorption in cold water of 5 °C. In this way higher acrylonitrile recovery may be achieved (over 99.8%) with reduced water consumption. 

Figure 3. Conceptual flowsheet for processing aluminum residues...

Conceptual Flowsheet for the Extraction of Actinides from HLLW. Figure 5 shows a conceptual flowsheet for the extraction of... 

Figure 4. Conceptual flowsheet for application of the exothermic process to immobilization of salt cake...

Figure 1 Conceptual flowsheet for Entrainer-based Reactive Distillation synthesis of fatty acid esters...

Our conceptual flowsheet for further decontamination of plutonium dioxide indicates oxidation of Pu02 with a nitrate melt containing peroxide. A plutonate species should form with this treatment. If formed, we expect the plutonate to be soluble in the melt upon addition of nitric-acid vapor. If this supposition is correct, then the plutonium could probably be recovered similar to uranium. Whether a plutonate or Pu02 would be obtained from the thermal decomposition of a soluble plutonate species is unknown for this system. 

Solvent Cleanup and Recycle. Both TBP and CMP solvents can be cleaned up with simple water and dilute sodium carbonate washes. The conceptual flowsheets also include preequilibration of the solvents with acid before they are recycled to the extraction columns. This treatment helps to maintain high acid concentrations in the extraction column raffinates. For the CMP extractant, equilibration with high acid also helps to strip the ruthenate and pertechnetate anions from the solvent. Activity levels in the Actinide Recovery Area are further controlled by bleeding a fraction of its CMP solvent to the CMP Solvent Recycle... 

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