Using Microwave Heating

The sections are blocked with 10% nonimmune goat serum for 30 min at room temperature and then rinsed in PBS. They are incubated overnight at 4°C in monclonal antibody against MHC-I (diluted 1 20 in PBS) in a humid chamber, followed by rinsing three times in PBS. The sections are incubated for 1 hr in the goat antimouse biotinylated secondary antibody in a humid chamber. 

The sections are treated for 1 hr with streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase in a humid chamber and then washed in PBS. They are developed for 10 min in nitroblue tetra-zolium/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (NBT/BCIP). After washing in PBS, the sections are treated for 30 min in a double-staining enhancer (Zymed Laboratories, San Francisco, CA) to prevent the first stain from reacting with the second. They are thoroughly rinsed in distilled water followed by PBS. 

The sections are treated for 30 min with 10% nonimmune goat serum and then rinsed in PBS. This is followed by overnight incubation at 4°C in monoclonal antibody against 

MICROWAVE HEAT-ENHANCED DOUBLE IMMUNOSTAINING OF NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC ANTIGENS 

Simultaneous, double immunostaining of two antigens in single cells in sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded archival tissues can be carried out. This is accomplished by using microwave heating to detect otherwise undetectable nuclear antigens, followed by the labeled avidin-biotin (LSAB) procedure and the alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) protocol to detect cytoplasmic or membranous antigens (Bohle et al 1997). 

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A one-pot synthesis of thiohydantoins has been developed using microwave heating [72]. A small subset of p-substituted benzaldehydes, prepared in situ from p-bromobenzaldehyde by microwave-assisted Suzuki or Negishi reactions, was reacted in one pot by reductive amination followed by cyclization with a thioisocyanate catalyzed by polystyrene-bound dimethyl-aminopyridine (PS-DMAP) or triethylamine, all carried out under microwave irradiation, to give the thiohydantoin products in up to 68% isolated yield (Scheme 16). 

In a previous publication (1) we reported that the pretreatment of fresh fhiit waste using microwave heating ensured a better extraction of pectin, resulting in an increase in the yield of pectin from 10 to 50 %. It was established that this microwave pretreatment ensured retention of the degree of esterification of the extracted pectin, better expressed in citrus peels... 

The same Suzuki couplings could also be performed under microwave-heated open-vessel reflux conditions (110 °C, 10 min) on a ten-fold larger scale, giving nearly identical yields to the closed-vessel runs [33, 35], Importantly, nearly the same yields were obtained when the Suzuki reactions were carried out in a pre-heated oil bath (150 °C) instead of using microwave heating, clearly indicating the absence of any specific or non-thermal microwave effects [34],... 

The significance of their work using microwave heating is that the classical approach to cyclocondensation of hydrazones requires 30-35 h with constant heating... 

The product distribution determined for the reactions performed over a broad temperature range (from -176 to 199 °C) under microwave heating was always more or less different from that obtained by conventional method. Thus, a vigorous formation of isobutene under reflux using microwave heating indicates superheating of the catalyst to a higher temperature. This facilitates the dealkylation reaction, which is promoted by elevated temperature. 

Table 14.4 contains temperature and pressure data obtained while using microwave heating with a single closed vessel for two different acids. For nitric acid, 200°C (80°C over the atmospheric boiling point) and 7kg cm-2 was achieved in 12min and for hydrochloric acid 153°C (43°C over the atmospheric boiling point) and 7kg cm-2 was obtained in 5min. 

Chang, H.T. and Chang, S.T. (2003). Improvements in dimensional stability and lightfastness of wood by butyrylation using microwave heating. Journal of Wood Science, 49(5), 455 60. 

Larsson Brelid, P. and Simonson, R. (1999). Acetylation of solid wood using microwave heating. Part 2. Experiments in laboratory scale. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 57(5), 383-389. 

A 1969 paper presented a mathematical crystallization model for the continuous crystallization of zeolite A [174]. The successful implementation of continuous synthesis of zeoHtes must accommodate the relatively slow crystallization rates with the reactor design to allow sufficient residence time at the necessary digestion temperature. A recent patent publication describes continuous zeolite synthesis using microwave heating, which couples the often significant advantages of faster zeolite crystallization under microwave radiation with a continuous synthesis, dewatering and work-up process [175],... 

Each step of the synthesis usually needs optimisation of reaction conditions (time, temperature, solvents, concentrations). Different techniques of reaction activation can also be used. Microwave heating has been shown to give faster, cleaner and more selective reactions [22,23] than conventional heating. Ultrasound, although promising [24], has not known the same development. Finally, catalysed reactions involving palladium complexes have been developed in car-bone- 11 chemistry [25 ] over the last few years. They have not been widely studied in fluorine-18 chemistry. 

Further development of this protocol by Larhed et al. has led to a procedure useful for 6 -bromo- or 6 -chlorostyrenes, which are made to react using microwave heating and tris-/i //-butylphosphine (introduced as a salt /-BU3PHBF4). Due to instrumental restrictions of microwave setup, GO cannot be used as gas, but Mo(CO)6 has been employed as in situ source of GO (Equation (33)). This protocol can be extended to simple substituted styrenes (Equation (34)), which... 

Borisov, G. B., Balashov, A. V., Mansourov, O. A., Nazarov, A. V. Volchok, Y. Y. 2001. Glass matrices for vitrification of Pu-containing sludge of MCC using microwave heating. 2001. In Jardine, L. J. Borisov, G. B. (eds) Immobilization of Excess Weapons Plutonium in Russia A Review of LLNL Contract Work, UCRL-ID-143846, 57-60. 

To use microwave heating in solid state synthesis, at least one component of the reaction mixture must absorb microwave radiation. The speed of the reaction process is then increased by both increasing the rate of the solid state reaction and by increasing the rate of diffusion, which, as we mentioned earlier, is often the rate-limiting step. 

Leadbeater, N.E. and Marco, M., Ligand-free palladium catalysis of the Suzuki reaction in water using microwave heating, Org. Lett., 2002,4, 2973-2976. 

Adopting a similar approach, a small array of 12 quinoline derivatives was synthesised using microwave heating (4 min) under solvent-free conditions in the presence of 0.1-0.5 equiv of diphenylphosphate (Scheme 3.30)50. 

Ohberg, L. and Westman, J., One-pot three-step solution phase syntheses of thiohydantoins using microwave heating, Synlett, 2001, 1893-1896. 

Linders, J.T.M., Kokje, J.P., Overhand, M., Lie, T.S. and Maat, L., Chemistry of opium alkaloids, Part XXV Diels-Alder reaction of 6-demethoxy-p-dihydrothebaine with methyl vinyl ketone using microwave heating preparation and pharmacology of 3-hydroxy-a, a, 17-trimethyl-6 3, 14 3-ethenomorphinan-7 3-methanol, a novel deoxygenated diprenorphine analog, Rec. des Trav. Chim. des Pays-Bas, 1988,107, 449. 

Monoclonal antibody MIB-1 is used to recognize this antigen, and so the usefulness of this antibody is discussed in detail in Chapter 2. Immunohistochemical methods using microwave heating or autoclave treatment for localizing Ki-67 are presented. 

GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR ANTIGEN RETRIEVAL USING MICROWAVE HEATING... 

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