Voucher specimen

Lake County just south of Lower Lake, and lies at a distance of about 40 km from population B, the northernmost of the Sonoma County sites. Populations D1 and D2 lie about 9km west of population C and are separated from each other by about 300m. It is very likely that these two populations were at one time a single large population, but construction of Cahfomia Rt. 29, with associated roadside maintenance, has effectively separated them (refer to any California atlas for details). Other sites reported in the literature, or represented by voucher specimens, could not be located, owing to the heavy impact of commercial development in this area of California. 

The plant material was collected from two different localities in northern Anatolia, firstly from the vicinity of Oymalitepe village, Yomra town, Trabzon at 600 m altitude (coded as LC-T) and secondly from Bagirankaya plataeu, Ikizdere town, Rize at 2,000 m altitude (coded as LC-R) in 2001. The identification of the plant samples was carried out by Dr. Salih Terzioglu from the Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. The voucher specimen (GUE 2216) has been deposited at the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. 

Salvia frigida Boiss. is a perennial plant, growing to height of 10-30 (-50) cm with pink flowers. Salvia frigida Boiss. was collected in June 2005 from Keltepe-Kocaeli-Turkey. A voucher specimen is deposited in the Herbarium of the Biology Department, University of Marmara. 

In 2002, Munro et al. reported the isolation of coproverdine (271) from a New Zealand Ascidian. The name of this isolate was derived from the descriptor attached to the voucher specimen (green sheep-shit-like in appearance), hence coproverdine copro Greek dung, ovis Latin sheep, verde Latin green). This alkaloid was isolated from Nature in optically active form [a]p — 8.0 (c 0.36, EtOH). However, the absolute configuration was not assigned. Coproverdine showed cytotoxic activity against a variety of murine and human tumor cell lines (240). 

PLANT MATERIAL. - S. divinorum was cultivated by the author at home and at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens. Voucher specimens have been deposited at the University of Michigan Herbarium. 

Once samples are acquired, voucher specimens must be maintained according to standard accepted methods and the collected specimens must be extracted or otherwise processed to prepare samples for biological evaluation. The goal of sample handling and preparation is to select for positives (remove nuisance compounds), prepare the samples to be compatible with existing (and future) bioassays, and store both the collected unprocessed material and the processed samples in a manner that is easily retrievable and maximizes stability. 

Unfortunately, I am no longer able to supply collectors numbers for all voucher specimens that were prepared in the course of these studies. But in most instances, except for a few samples obtained from herb dealers and local markets, such specimens were deposited in the national or university herbaria in the geographical area of origin and in the Economic Botany Herbarium of the Botanical... 

Dried plant tissue is the easiest to transport but still can require permits (as with herbarium voucher specimens) to clear customs. A small amount of the desiccant in contact with the leaf tissue in Ziploc bags or plastic bottles is recommended. Indicator desiccant is recommended to avoid possible confusion concerning the nature of the white powder. 17 Customs and agricultural inspection officials in both exiting and entrying... 

Finally, we wish to stress the dynamic nature of systematics and the necessary changes in nomenclature that accompany the discovery of new species or the reworking of evolutionary relationships within previously described taxa. Some molecular evolutionists may be naive about the importance of voucher specimens and the necessity of retaining information about the actual animals from which they have sampled nucleic acids or proteins. Voucher specimens physically and permanently document data in an archival report by (1) verifying the identity of the oiganism(s) used in the study and (2) by so doing, ensure that a study which otherwise could not be repeated can be accurately reviewed or reassessed. 9... 

For Caenorhabditis, Drosophila, and Tribolium castanium, stock centers exist from which particular strains or species may be ordered (Table III). Live representatives of most animal phyla and pure cultures of some protists can be obtained relatively cheaply from supply companies (Table III). Ordering specimens is convenient in that they arrive identified, although voucher specimens should still be preserved (see above). Organisms should be ordered as far in advance as possible, since their appearance in the field may be seasonal or unpredictable. 

Voucher specimens must be prepared, so save enough of the specimens, being certain they contain diagnostic features for positive identification. Vouchers should be deposited in established herbaria if they warrant it. Most herbaria probably would not have space for or desire large numbers of specimens of a single species from one locality or specimens lacking diagnostic characters. We feel it is desirable to keep vouchers for a number of years in case questions should arise about published work. Voucher specimens should be kept dry and insect-free in a special herbarium cabinet, preferably in a herbarium and perhaps at the home institution or in the care of the researcher if they are not appropriate for the herbarium. 

Another bryozoan, Amathia convoluta, has been found which also gives bryostatins 4-6, 3-5, and 8, 7. Examination of voucher specimens showed that some B. neritina occurred on the A. convoluta as a parasitic or epiphytic growth so that the true source of the compounds remains ambiguous although the authors concluded that bryostatin 8 was a genuine constituent of A. convoluta [11]. Investigation of a Tasmanian collection of A. convoluta [12] failed to show any antineoplastic activity which is characteristic of the bryostatins the bryozoan did however contain a new alkaloid (see Section 2.3.1). 

We acknowledge financial support from DAAD/NAPRECA, The International Foundation for Science (IFS) in association with Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and The Inter-University Council of East Africa Research initiative (VicRes). We are also grateful to the respondents and the general community in Bukoba Rural district from where plant materials were collected. Messrs F.M. Mbago and S. Haji of the Herbarium, Botany department of the University of Dar es Salaam are thanked for identifying plant voucher specimens. 

Rao and Sharma (1990). The collected plants were identified by their vernacular names, photographed and sample specimens were collected for the preparation of herbarium and voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai. Endemism of the species was determined by field study, herbaria and the published literatures of Ahmedullah and Nayar (1986), Nayar (1996) and Annamalai (2004). 

For each plant discussed, individual plants were collected and a herbarium voucher specimen was prepared. Botanical identification of the individual plants were authenticated by experts in the Laboratoiy of Pharmacognosy and Botany of the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of the University Cheikh... 

Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal. Voucher specimens were compared with the Herbarium of the Fundamental Institute of Black Africa, Cheikh Anta Diop (IFAN), Dakar, Senegal. 

It is axiomatic that all samples collected, irrespective of type of source, must if at all possible be fuUy identified to genus and species. Such identification is usually possible for aU plant species, but it is not always possible for microbes and marine organisms. Voucher specimens should be provided to an appropriate depository in the host country as well as to a similar operation in the home country of the collector. 

The rules for nomenclature are ratified by international botanical congresses and are published as The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The description by the auctor of a species is related to a certain herbarium sheet, which is called the type-specimen. If there is any doubt as to what the author meant with his specimen, it is always possible to check the type-specimen . For the same reason a phytochemical publication should always contain details of where a voucher specimen of the species studied is kept. 

Once a plant part(s) is collected, at least three herbarium samples should be prepared, and each organism concerned should be identified or authenticated by a taxonomist. One of these samples should be deposited m a local national herbarium, and the others should be deposited m a specialist museum or herbarium. All voucher specimens should be kept in an appropriate protected place for future reference A card with details of the place, altitude, environment, and characteristics of each collection should be attached to the herbarium sample, which is of vital importance in case a recollection of the plant matenal is necessary (see Note... 

Voucher specimens should be prepared to allow for complete identification. Vouchers are also necessary to document an invention should a patent be filed. Voucher specimens should be representative of the entire specimen. If different color or morphologies of the same species are collected, vouchers of each should be preserved. If specimens are small, a complete specimen should be retained if possible. In our lab, voucher specimens typically fit into 100- to 40-mL jars, dependent on the specimen shape. 

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