Voucher specimen material

The plant material was collected from two different localities in northern Anatolia, firstly from the vicinity of Oymalitepe village, Yomra town, Trabzon at 600 m altitude (coded as LC-T) and secondly from Bagirankaya plataeu, Ikizdere town, Rize at 2,000 m altitude (coded as LC-R) in 2001. The identification of the plant samples was carried out by Dr. Salih Terzioglu from the Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. The voucher specimen (GUE 2216) has been deposited at the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. 

PLANT MATERIAL. - S. divinorum was cultivated by the author at home and at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens. Voucher specimens have been deposited at the University of Michigan Herbarium. 

Once samples are acquired, voucher specimens must be maintained according to standard accepted methods and the collected specimens must be extracted or otherwise processed to prepare samples for biological evaluation. The goal of sample handling and preparation is to select for positives (remove nuisance compounds), prepare the samples to be compatible with existing (and future) bioassays, and store both the collected unprocessed material and the processed samples in a manner that is easily retrievable and maximizes stability. 

We acknowledge financial support from DAAD/NAPRECA, The International Foundation for Science (IFS) in association with Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and The Inter-University Council of East Africa Research initiative (VicRes). We are also grateful to the respondents and the general community in Bukoba Rural district from where plant materials were collected. Messrs F.M. Mbago and S. Haji of the Herbarium, Botany department of the University of Dar es Salaam are thanked for identifying plant voucher specimens. 

A crucial aspect cf the organism collection process is to deposit voucher specimens representative cf the species collected in a central repository, such as an herbarium or a museum, so that this material can be... 

Plant material. The roots of Aster auriculatus were collected in Sichuan Province, P. R. China. A voucher specimen (880801) was identified by Prof W. Z. Song and deposited in the Herbarium of the authors Institute. 

Plant material The fruit of Randia siamensis was collected from Nakompathom Province, Thailand, in July, 1984. Authentication was achieved by comparison with herbarium specimens in the Botany Section, Technical Division, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Thailand. A voucher specimen of plant material has been deposited in the herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkom University. 

Plant material. The stems of D. fargesii Franch were collected in Kang county, Gansu province, China, and identified by Mr. Guo-liang Zhang. A voucher specimen is deposited in the Herbarium of the Botany Institute, Northwest Noumal University. 

Plant material Erigeron multiradiatus(Wal. ) Benth. Mzs collected at Ganzi, Sichuan province, China and identified by Prof Zhang Hao, School of Pharmacy, West China University of Medical Sciences, where a voucher specimen is deposited. 

Plant material The root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus was purchased from Shanghai Medicine Materia Corporation, and identified by Prof Jixian Guo of School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Medical University. A voucher specimen is deposited in the Herbarium of Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 

Plant material. The plant of /. denticulata f pirmatipartita Kitag.was collected in Dabie Mountains at Luotian county, Hubei province, China, in October 1992. /. sonchifolia Hance. was purchased from Nanjing Company of Traditional Chinese Medicine, in February 1991. Voucher specimen is deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University. 

Plant Material. The seeds of Vaccaria segetalis were purchased at Shijia Zhuang, Hebei Province (China) in 1995. The botanical identification was made by Professor Xuesheng Bao (Shanghai Institute of Drug Control). A voucher specimen has been deposited at the Herbarium of the Department of Phytochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 

Both digital imaging as well as digital sound recordings should ideally be linked to a voucher specimen (Huber, 1998) and, whenever possible, associated to other materials such as tissues or gene sequences, to ensure subsequent taxonomic identification and eventual species description. 

It is not known how Biocca s materials were identified—voucher specimens are not on deposit in any recognized herbaria. 

An essential, and sometimes overlooked, part of plant tissue collection is the herbarium voucher. Herbarium specimen vouchers are usually obtained with field-collected material, but they are often neglected when the tissue is obtained via seeds or through an intermediate source (botanical garden, colleague, etc.). Botanical garden collections are numbered by accession, and the original voucher information (collector and number) can usually be traced in records maintained by the botanical garden. This information should be obtained and recorded, but it is also prudent to have a second voucher made at the same time as the tissue is collected. Label... 

Plants being studied as part of an ethnobotanical project need to be correctly identified with help from a botanist. In many cases, especially if the results are to be published, a sample of each species needs to be deposited as a voucher in a national herbarium and the voucher number given to each specimen quoted in publications. If plant specimens are to be transferred between countries then a Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) is needed, such agreements are sometimes needed by a herbarium even when specimens are being transferred within a country. If specimens are to be taken out of a country then an agreement should be in place that deals with the fair and... 

The submission and databasing of voucher material is an important component of barcoding initiatives as it ties each genetic sequence to its somce specimen (Ratnasingham and Hebert, 2007) and ensures that the barcoding system is rooted on known taxon concepts. 

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