Botanical identification

Fig. 3. Thottea grandiflora Rottb. From KL 1719. Phytochemical Survey of the Federation of Malaya. Geographical localization Fort Iskandar, South Pahang, primary forest. Field collector M. C. Wood, 3/2/1959. Botanical Identification Ding Hou, November, 1984. 

Fig. 4. Horsfieldia valida. From Forest department Brunei. Flora of Brunei. BRU 137. Geographical localization B. Ingei. Primary forest seasonal swamp. 100 feet. Riverine alluvium. Field collector Ashton, 7/7/1957. Botanical identification J. Sinclair. 

Fig. 26. Litsea cubeba. Flora of Malay peninsula. Geographical localization Bukiy Kutu, Kudla Kubu. Date 12/25/1930. No 23848. Field collector Cooman. Botanical identification F.S.P. Ng, 11/27/2001. 

Fig. 33. Cyathostemma micranthum (A. DC.) J. Sinclair. From Herb. Hort. Bot. Singap. Field Collector Burkill H an iff, 11/24/1924. Geographical localization Jerantut, Malaysia. Botanical Identification J. Sinclair, 12/17/1948. 

Fig. 37. Ipomoea indica. Forest Flora, Malay Peninsula. No 22249. Geographical localization Gap Sanitarium garden, 1/20/1930. Collector Symington. Botanical identification 1 958.

Fig. 38. Ervatamia pandacaqui (Poir.) Pichon. Flora of The Philippines. Herbarium Vadense (WAG). Botanical identification A.J.M. Leuwenberg, 1987. Geographical localization Pinamalayan, Mindanao. Field collector Ramos. June, 1922. 

Fig. 64. ETunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Gardn. Thw. From KLU 1658. Field collector 4/17/1970, E. Soepadmo. Geographical localization Sempam River, Raub, Pahang, altitude 2000 feet, Malaysia. Botanical identification Margraf, 1973. 

Fig. 72. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. From Singapore Field No 37952. Distributed by the Botanic Gardens Singapore. Geographical localization Kedah near Sanitarium Langkawi, in sand near sea. Date 11/13/ 1941. Field collector J.C. Naeur. Botanical identification M.R. Henderson.

Fig. 82. Friesodelsia latifolia. Singapore Field No 29434. The Botanic Cardens Singapore. 5/14/1935. Field collector E. Corner. Botanical identification J. Sinclair, 11/21/1953. 

Fig. 92. Alchornea villosa (Benth.) Muell.-Arg. From KLU Herbarium 33970. Flora of Johore, West Malaysia. Comm. Ex. Herb. Hort. Bot. SING. Field collector botanical identification J.F. Maxwell. 4/10/1982. Geographical localization KotaTinggi Waterfalls. 

Since the flowers and roots were missing, however, this plant material was not suitable for botanical identification. Our efforts to obtain more precise information about the habitat of the plant and its use were also fruitless. 

Participation in this ceremony was the climax of our expedition. It brought confirmation that the hojas de la Pastora were used by the Indians for the same purpose and in the same ceremonial milieu as teonanacatl, the sacred mushrooms. Now we also had authentic plant material, not only sufficient for botanical identification, but also for the planned chemical analysis. The inebriated state that Gordon Wasson and my wife had experienced with the hojas had been shallow and only of short duration, yet it had exhibited a distinctly hallucinogenic character. 

Diaz (1979) cited a contemporary reference (Alzate 1772) that identified pipiltzintzintli as Cannabis. Although the morning-glories and cannabis are likely candidates, a precise botanical identification of pipiltzintzintli remains uncertain. Association of S. divinorum with the ancient Aztec plant is tenuous at best. 

The different terpenoid content of plants has served as a finger printing method helpful in botanical identification, especially in cases where differentiation by morphological characteristics has failed The striking difference in the chemotaxonomy of Jeffery and ponderosa pines serves as an example. The turpentine from the former species consists almost entirely of the paraffinic hydrocarbon ji-lieplaiie. Turpentine from ponderosa pine consists largely of the monoterpenes, 6-pinene and A3-carene. 

Fig. 35. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker-Gawl. Flora of Malaya. FRI No 27419. Geographical localization Kuala Selangor, Malaysia November 10, 1983. Collector F.S.B Ng. Botanical identification F.S.B Ng, 4.2.1986.

Fig. 39. Ervatamia corymbosa (Roxb.) King Gamble. Flora of Malaya. Field No 104429. Geographical localization Krau Game Reserve, G. Benom, Central Pahang in primary forest hillside, altitude 1000 feet. Field collector S. Chelliah, 7/14/1967. Botanical identification A.J.M Leeuwenberg, 1986. Herbarium Vadense.

Allen, J.W., Gartz, J. Guzman, G. (1992). Index to the botanical identification and chemical analysis of the known species of the hallucinogenic fungi. Integration, 2 3, 9197. Allen, J.W. Merlin, M.D. (1992). Psychoactive mushroom use in Koh Samui and Koh Pha-Ngan, Thailand. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 35, 205228. 

For each plant discussed, individual plants were collected and a herbarium voucher specimen was prepared. Botanical identification of the individual plants were authenticated by experts in the Laboratoiy of Pharmacognosy and Botany of the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of the University Cheikh... 

Consistent quality for products of herbal origin can only be assured if the starting materials are defined in a rigorous and detailed manner, particularly the specific botanical identification of the plant material used. It is also important to know the geographical source and the conditions under which the herbal substance is obtained to ensure material of consistent quality. 

These names are not cited merely to be impressive. The exact botanical identification of an essential oil plant is of obvious and primary importance to the chemist who investigates that oil and botanical exactitude with regard to essential oil plants is an appallingly recent development. 

We thank Mr. Adamson Lanyansuya of SIRAN for facilitation of the field studies, the Samburu people for their cooperation and Mr. Musembi Kimeu of LARMAT herbarium, University of Nairobi, for assisting in the botanical identification. 

Botanical identification involves both macroscopical and microscopical inspection of the raw material. According to WHO, the macroscopical identity of plant materials is based on the shape, size, colour, surface characteristics, texture, fracture and appearance of the cut surface of leaves, herbs, seeds, fruits, barks, stolons, rhizomes and roots. Literature reports of poisonings and deaths resulting from the consumption of Digitalis collected by mistake for Comfrey (Symphytum) and of Oleander instead of Eucalyptus leaf tea highlights the importance of this simple and basic part of the quality procedure. 

To facilitate the botanical identification and control on arrival at the manufacturing plant, the harvesters must attached to the consignment ... 

AUen, J.W. et al. 1992. Index to the botanical identification and chemical analysis of the known species of the hdlucin-... 

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