The Voluntary Program

It should be noted that the voluntary program of bread fortification in Tasmania was introduced as an interim measure only. As a result of the re-emergence of iodine deficiency in Austrafia (Gunton et al., 1999 Li et al., 2001, McDonnell et al., 2003, Hynes et al., 2004) and in New Zealand (Thomson et al., 2001, Skeaff et al., 2002, 2003) mandatory fortification of bread with iodized salt is presently being considered by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) (2007). 

Although these professional-use-only products do not require ingredient labeling, the cosmetics industry has developed a program to voluntarily Hst the components of professional products. However, under this voluntary program, the ingredients are Hsted in alphabetical order rather than descending order. This has been done to make it easier for the professional hairdresser to locate a specific compound that may be of interest. 

Iodized Salt. Iodized table salt has been used to provide supplemental iodine to the U.S. population since 1924, when producers, in cooperation with the Michigan State Medical Society (24), began a voluntary program of salt iodization in Michigan that ultimately led to the elimination of iodine deficiency in the United States. More than 50% of the table salt sold in the United States is iodized. Potassium iodide in table salt at levels of 0.006% to 0.01% KI is one of two sources of iodine for food-grade salt approved by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration. The other, cuprous iodide, is not used by U.S. salt producers. Iodine may be added to a food so that the daily intake does not exceed 225 p.g for adults and children over four years of age. Potassium iodide is unstable under conditions of extreme moisture and temperature, particularly in an acid environment. Sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate is added to increase alkalinity, and sodium thiosulfate or dextrose is added to stabilize potassium iodide. Without a stabilizer, potassium iodide is oxidized to iodine and lost by volatilization from the product. Potassium iodate, far more stable than potassium iodide, is widely used in other parts of the world, but is not approved for use in the United States. 

Is your company a member of any of the EPA s voluntary programs on P2 or energy efficiency If not, does management know about these programs and the possible benefits ... 

Compliance with the written program can be verified during the walkaround by personal observation and employee interviews. If respirators are required to be worn in the workplace or respirators other than dust masks are worn by voluntary users, a written program is required. An overexposure is not required to cite. Discrepancies between the written program and implemented work practices at the worksite should be cited. Use of a elastomeric or supplied-air respirator, even when voluntary on the part of the employee, will require the employer to include all elements in a written program that will make sure that there is proper use of these respirators so that they do not create a hazard. 

Following the development of the motor program, neurons originating in the multimodal motor association areas transmit impulses by way of association tracts to neurons of the primary motor cortex. The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus, which is the most posterior region of the frontal lobe adjacent to the multimodal motor association areas (see Figure 6.3) this area initiates voluntary contractions of specific skeletal muscles. Neurons whose cell bodies reside here transmit impulses by way of descending projection tracts to the spinal cord, where they innervate the alpha motor neurons (which innervate skeletal muscles). 

The cerebrocerebellum is involved with the planning, programming, and initiation of voluntary activity. It also participates in procedural memories or motor learning. This region of the cerebellum receives input from and provides output to the cortical motor areas directly. Lesions of the cerebrocerebellum cause delays in initiating movements and irregularities in the timing of multistep movements. 

The editors express their appreciation to chemists in this country and throughout the world for their contributions to this series, as reflected by the high quality of the preparations received through the voluntary submission program. The editors will welcome recommendations by readers of Organic Syntheses of preparations to be included in subsequent volumes. For this purpose, submission of a brief description of the reaction and the merits of the preparation will permit preliminary evalution by the members of the Board of Editors. 

One very important resource has been the Voluntary Industry Skill Standards for entry-level chemistry laboratory technicians published by the American Chemical Society in 1997. These standards consist of a large number of competencies that such technicians should acquire in their educational program prior to employment as technicians. While many of these competencies were fortuitously addressed in previous editions, many others were not. It was a resource that I consulted time and time again as the writing proceeded. 

The extension into peacetime of project-research required a commonly held ideal similar to the "inspiration of a common patriotism." Armsby believed this could be found in the program of the newly reorganized NRC, in that its plan for cooperative research was based upon the voluntary initiative of investigators, united by their common interest in solving problems essential for the advancement of science in the United States. Because the leaders of the NRC were convinced that this attitude prevailed... 

Even when a society sets up a strong program for promoting compliance by employers with the voluntary guidelines for employment, it will have to expect that there will be a continuous attack on such a program by employers and by their representatives within the professional... 

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