One-step manufacturing

One-Step manufacture of 2-pyiiolidinone can be effected by reaction of succinic acid or anhydride with NH and in the presence of Pd—AI2O2 catalyst in water or ether (120). 

Plastic surface mount packages result in a device that is light, small, able to withstand physical shock and g forces, and inexpensive due to a one-step manufacturing process. The plastic is molded around the lead frame of the device. Work is still continuing on developing coatings for the die, such as polyimide, which may resolve hermeticity problems and coefficient of thermal expansion mismatches between the die and the plastic package. 

Waldbaur A, Rapp H, Lange K, Rapp BE (2011) Let there be chip-towards rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices one-step manufacturing processes. Anal Methods 3 2681-2716... 

One-step manufacturing in terms of in situ graft and crosslinking... 

Mousses pose Httle manufacturing problem, but because they are aerosolized they must be filled with special equipment. The pressure fill technique requites the container to be filled with mousse concentrate, then a valve is crimped on and a vacuum of approximately 2.4 kPa (18 mm Hg) is pulled. The propellants are added through the valve. Another technique, the under-the-cup method, fills the container under pressure with propellant and crimps the valve, all in one step. 

The pattern of commercial production of 1,3-butadiene parallels the overall development of the petrochemical industry. Since its discovery via pyrolysis of various organic materials, butadiene has been manufactured from acetylene as weU as ethanol, both via butanediols (1,3- and 1,4-) as intermediates (see Acetylene-DERIVED chemicals). On a global basis, the importance of these processes has decreased substantially because of the increasing production of butadiene from petroleum sources. China and India stiU convert ethanol to butadiene using the two-step process while Poland and the former USSR use a one-step process (229,230). In the past butadiene also was produced by the dehydrogenation of / -butane and oxydehydrogenation of / -butenes. However, butadiene is now primarily produced as a by-product in the steam cracking of hydrocarbon streams to produce ethylene. Except under market dislocation situations, butadiene is almost exclusively manufactured by this process in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. 

One step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid is to burn sulfur (formula, Sa) in air to form a colorless gas with a choking odor. The name of the gas is sulfur dioxide and it has the molecular formula S02. On the basis of this information ... 

These processes are very rapid and allow the preparation of inorganic supports in one step. This technique allows large-scale manufacturing of supports such as titania, fumed silica, and aluminas. Sometimes the properties of the material differ from the conventional preparation routes and make this approach unique. Multicomponent systems can be also prepared, either by multimetallic solutions or by using a two-nozzle system fed with monometallic solutions [22]. The as-prepared powder can be directly deposited onto substrates, and the process is termed combustion chemical vapor deposition [23]. 

Examples for necessary process improvements through catalyst research are the development of one-step processes for a number of bulk products like acetaldehyde and acetic acid (from ethane), phenol (from benzene), acrolein (from propane), or allyl alcohol (from acrolein). For example, allyl alcohol, a chemical which is used in the production of plasticizers, flame resistors and fungicides, can be manufactured via gas-phase acetoxylation of propene in the Hoechst [1] or Bayer process [2], isomerization of propene oxide (BASF-Wyandotte), or by technologies involving the alkaline hydrolysis of allyl chloride (Dow and Shell) thereby producing stoichiometric amounts of unavoidable by-products. However, if there is a catalyst... 

Mitral valve repair, 3 717 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company process, for methyl methacrylate manufacture, 16 245, 248-250 Mitsubishi Kasei one-step MIBK process, 16 339... 

MIBK is more complicated than the one-step conversion process for acetone and MEK. Manufacture of MIBK takes the three-step process shown in Figure 17—3, starting with acetone. 

Direction of imovation (from the standpoint of the SubChem research group - 6b ) The substitution of ceramic fibres in the constmction of catalytic converters would avoid exposure (manufacture and recycling) to potentially carcinogenic fibres. Inclusion of specialised official bodies in the evaluation of alternative materials is one step towards greater security of direction. 

Pyridine and its derivatives are technically-important fine chemicals. Their isolation from coal tar is decreasing, whereas their manufacture by synthetic methods has increased rapidly. The classical pathways to pyridine have been discussed by Abramovitch (74HC14-1-4). Many of them rely on the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with ammonia in the vapor phase. However, the condensation processes used suffer from unsatisfactory selectivity. Using soluble organocobalt catalysts of the type [YCoL] allows pyridine and a wide range of 2-substituted derivatives to be prepared selectively and in one step from acetylene and the appropriate cyano compound [Eq.(l)]. 

Processes 4, 5 and 6 are all essentially one step oxidations of SO2 to SO3 and hence sulphuric acid. The first pair are modified versions of the traditional Contact and Chamber processes for sulphuric acid manufacture, with the principal change being in their ability to accept dilute SO2 gas streams as the feedstock. The use of Activated Carbon as an air oxidation catalyst has clearly received international attention, with success or failure depending to a large extent on subtle modifications in catalyst preparation and catalyst presentation to the reactant gases. Virtually every type of catalyst bed configuration has been explored. 

---