Volatile organic compounds limits

COAL GAS. Containing hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, ethane, carbon dioxide, oigrgeo, nitrogen and volatile organic compounds. Limited laboratory tests showed that 443.0 casting alloy was resistant to coal gas at ambient temperature. See also Ref (3)p. 221,(7) p. 6S. 

Many components of ships and marine stmctures are now coated in the shop under controlled conditions to reduce the amount of solvents released into the atmosphere, improve the quaUty of work, and reduce cost. Regulations designed to limit the release of volatile organic compounds into the air confine methods of shop apphcation to those having transfer efficiencies of 65%. Transfer efficiency is defined as the percent of the mass or volume of sohd coating that is actually deposited on the item being coated, and is calculated as... 

EC Directive on limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCsJ due to the use of... 

Venmri scrubbers are primarily used to control particulate matter (PM), including PM less than or equal to 10 micrometers ( m) in aerodynamic diameter (PM,o), and PM less than or equal to 2.5 fim in aerodynamic diameter (PMj 5). Though capable of some incidental control of volatile organic compounds (VOC), generally venturi scrubbers are limited to control PM and high solubility gases (EPA, 1992 EPA, 1996). 

Headspace analysis has also been used to determine trichloroethylene in water samples. High accuracy and excellent precision were reported when GC/ECD was used to analyze headspace gases over water (Dietz and Singley 1979). Direct injection of water into a portable GC suitable for field use employed an ultraviolet detector (Motwani et al. 1986). While detection was comparable to the more common methods (low ppb), recovery was very low. Solid waste leachates from sanitary landfills have been analyzed for trichloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds (Schultz and Kjeldsen 1986). Detection limits for the procedure, which involves extraction with pentane followed by GC/MS analysis, are in the low-ppb and low-ppm ranges for concentrated and unconcentrated samples, respectively. Accuracy and precision data were not reported. 

This is a relatively new technique that is used for PCBs and other nonpolar, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. Typically, a small aliquot of soil sample (0.5-20 g) is used for the extraction. Soil samples are extracted with one or more organic solvents using microwave energy at elevated temperature (100-115 °C) and pressure (50-175 psi). This method uses less solvent and takes significantly less time than Soxhlet extraction but is limited to thermally stable compounds. 

At pulp and paper mills, air emissions from both process and combustion units are regulated under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the State Implementation Plans (SIP) that enforce the standards. States may implement controls to limit emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and sulfur dioxide (S02). 

The purpose of work described here is to develop a coating which can be used on naval vessels for touch up purposes while a ship is underway. Radiation curable coatings are of special interest because of the extremely low level of volatile organic compounds emitted during curing. To be useful the coating should be Navy gray and suitable for application to cold surfaces. When used in confined spaces a further limitation is that the application should not produce ozone and for some Naval applications mercury is not... 

Limited data is available on the concentration of volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from gasification processes. The data that is available indicate that VOCs, SVOCs, and PAHs are either non-detectable in flue gas streams from IGCC process or, in some cases where they were detected, they are at extremely low levels (on the order of parts per billion and lower). The analysis of syngas also indicates greater than 99.99 percent chlorobenzene and hexachlo-robenzene destruction and removal efficiencies and part per billion or less concentration of selected PAHs and VOCs.9-14... 

The mechanisms for the NMHCs (except DMS) required to fully characterise OH chemistry were extracted from a recently updated version of the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM 3.0, available at http //mcm.leeds.ac.uk/MCM/). The MCM treats the degradation of 125 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and considers oxidation by OH, NO3, and O3, as well as the chemistry of the subsequent oxidation products. These steps continue until CO2 and H2O are formed as final products of the oxidation. The MCM has been constructed using chemical kinetics data (rate coefficients, branching ratios, reaction products, absorption cross sections and quantum yields) taken from several recent evaluations and reviews or estimated according to the MCM protocol (Jenkin et al., 1997, 2003 Saunders et al., 2003). The MCM is an explicit mechanism and, as such, does not suffer from the limitations of a lumped scheme or one containing surrogate species to represent the chemistry of many species. 

The effect of the UK legislation on solvent emissions on manufacture of coatings is discussed. Two choices are available for volatile organic compound emission control, i.e. either to maintain the total of all captured emissions plus uncaptured emissions below a specified percentage of the input solvents, or to maintain just the captured emissions below a specified percentage of the input solvents and to meet a specified concentration emission limit on all captured emissions. The use of a mass balance for compliance demonstration is described, together with the approach used by the British Coatings Federation (as published in The VOC Workbook). 

The planned directive to limit volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from solvents has experienced a major step forward on its way to being implemented. The Council of European Environment Ministers was united on a common position regarding the draft directive. Provisions for VOC emissions are reviewed up to 2010. Sources of VOC emissions are discussed including fossil fuels and vegetation, as well as VOC contact with soil particles and sunlight, and ozone implications. 

The European Commission has adopted a directive which limits the emission of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain industrial activities. The directive sets emission limits for these compounds and lays down operating conditions for industrial installations. In addition, under the directive, new installations must be registered or be authorised to carry out their activities. Further requirements of the directive are listed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL... 

According to a directive issued by the EuropeanUnion (EU) at the end of March, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the use of organic solvents in the EU must be significantly restricted. Under the directive, industrial sector-by-sector emission limits will be imposed, and the EU member states will be required to prepare action plans for cutting emissions from the activities and industrial... 

An examination is made of a European Union directive aimed at limiting emissions of volatile organic compounds arising from the industrial use of organic solvents. Proposed emission limits applicable to the use of solvents in coatings, inks and adhesives manufacture, adhesive bonding and rubber processing are presented. 

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