Solvent emissions

Regulations have a significant impact on the selection and use of industrial solvents. Since 1966, new and more restrictive regulations have been adopted at both the federal and the state levels, which influence the kind of solvents used, the amount used, and the way they are used. Regulations have given impetus to the development of new technologies and products which decrease solvent emissions to minimise environmental impact. 

Provisions of the Clean Air Act have resulted in the regulation of certain wood finishing appHcations. Residential and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet Industries are under regulations which specify the amount and types of solvent emissions allowed. The si2e and location of a finishing facihty determine the extent of the effect stemming from the regulations. 

Such polyurethanes have excellent hydrolytic stability compared to water-reducible polyesters and superior abrasion resistance. In view of the importance of developing low solvent emission coatings, considerable effort is being devoted to new types of water-borne urethane resins (62,63). 

Top Goats. The selection of a top coat depends on cost, method of appHcation, and product use and performance requirements, among other factors. As a result of increasingly stringent air quaHty standards and increased solvent costs, approaches to reduction of solvent emissions are being sought. 

For solvent operations, benzene use had to be estimated by a series of tenuous assumptions about the amount of benzene in "other uses," the percent of that used for solvents, and the loss of benzene from those operations. As an upper limit, it might be assumed that all of the purchased benzene is eventually lost to the atmosphere. However, some measured concentrations suggest that perhaps only 10% is lost at the plant. The remainder might be incinerated after becoming unusable or sent elsewhere for disposal. A general rule for volatile solvents is that they eventually reach the environment unless they are destroyed deliberately or degrade naturally. The distribution of solvent emissions geographically is much more difficult to determine. 

Gliwice, Institute for Plastics Processing, 2004, Paper 46, pp.9, 29 cm, ISBN 839176933X 012 COATINGS, INKS AND ADHESIVE MANUFACTURE DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE WITH THE SOLVENT EMISSIONS DIRECTIVE Newbould T... 

The effect of the UK legislation on solvent emissions on manufacture of coatings is discussed. Two choices are available for volatile organic compound emission control, i.e. either to maintain the total of all captured emissions plus uncaptured emissions below a specified percentage of the input solvents, or to maintain just the captured emissions below a specified percentage of the input solvents and to meet a specified concentration emission limit on all captured emissions. The use of a mass balance for compliance demonstration is described, together with the approach used by the British Coatings Federation (as published in The VOC Workbook). 

Proposals for implementing the 1999 EC Directive on solvent emissions in England and Wales were published by the DETR at the end of July. As expected, the Government is unlikely to opt for a solvent tax or tradable permit scheme, preferring direct regulation on grounds of cost and practicality. Three sectors regulated by the Directive are not controlled already in the UK, or only partly so. They... 

The Solvent Emissions Directive was adopted in March 1999 by the European Council of Ministers and should be implemented by member states within two years. The adhesives industry uses about 130,000 tonnes of solvents in its products annually and has a key role to play in meeting the Directive s targets. The main impact of emissions reduction will be on adhesives coaters because the adhesive film forms through the evaporation of solvent. For adhesives manufacturers, the main issue is the reduction of fugitive emissions. Both oxidation and recovery are well proven abatement techniques. BELGIUM EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION WESTERN EUROPE... 

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND SOLVENT EMISSIONS DIRECTIVE. AN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE... 

A review is presented of the status of volatile organic compound solvent emissions directive being adopted by... 

In recent decades, considerable efforts have been made to restrict or completely eliminate solvent emission during oven drying. Intensive research has focused on developing paint systems which contain very little solvent or none at all [5]. A variety of approaches are possible systems that have found their way to practical use tend to present a special challenge in terms of pigment selection ... 

Dewaxing (Figure 4.17) processes also produce heater stack gas (carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter) as well as hydrocarbon emission such as fugitive propane and fugitive solvents. Steam stripping wastewater (oil and solvents) and solvent recovery wastewater (oil and propane) are also produced. The fugitive solvent emissions may be toxic (toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone). 

For purposes of characterization, emission sources are generally divided broadly into stationary and mobile or transportation sources. Stationary sources are further divided into point and area emitters. Typical point sources must include petroleum refineries and electric power plants. Commercial solvent emission and gasoline marketing emission may generally be represented as area sources. A third category has been defined recently—indirect sources—that takes into account hybrid sources like sports arenas and shopping centers. These have fixed locations, but the traffic that is generated by or attracted to such a facility constitutes the source of emission that is combined with the emission of the facility itself. 

Direction of innovation tfrom the standpoint of market actors - 6al Automotive manufacturers substantiate the reduction of solvent emissions by water-based and powdered coatings on the basis of emission statistics. However, the automotive manufacturers state the improvement of the surface quality with the simultaneous improved cost-effectiveness of procedures as the decisive criterion for successful innovation. 

Branson Ultrasonics Corporation (1988) Solvent Emissions Control A Technical Guide. Danbury, CT. 

Although REACH involved a revision of most EU chemical control legislation, one existing directive that was not incorporated into REACH is the Solvent Emissions Directive [26]. The aim of this Directive is to prevent or reduce the effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the environment (mainly via the atmosphere) and reduce the potential human health risks from solvent-based activities. Most of the provisions of the directive relate to emission and inventory control, but one part of the directive has potentially negative consequences in terms of Green Chemistry. 

Coverage per gallon increased fourfold Solvent emissions reduced by 89%... 

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