VIRUS RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Andrianov AK, Jenkins SA,Payne LG, Roberts B (1995) PCT Int. Appl. WO, 02,416, Chem Abstr 122,274059x (1995), assigned to Virus Research Institute... 

AUcock HR, Andrianov A, Langer RS, Visscher KB (1996) US US, 5,562,909, assigned to Massachusetts Institute of Technology Virus Research Institute The Penn State Research Foundation... 

Animal Virus Research Institute Pirbright, Surrey, England... 

BLACK, Donald, N. Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey,GU24 ONP, U.K. 

The work described here was funded mainly through the generous support of the U.S. Army Research Office, Office of Naval Research, Johnson Johnson, Coming Inc, Virus Research Institute, DOE, NSF, and EPRI. I would also like to thank my coworkers, many of whom are mentioned in the reference list. 

The JPPA has its own research institute in Ibaraki prefecture and two experimental stations in Kochi and Miyazaki for conducting many types of research services to evaluate the performance of agrochemicals. The research institute and experimental stations have test fields, greenhouses and research laboratories with the capability for chemical analyses. The research institute also provides several services such as identification of virus diseases or other crop pests on plants. 

As early as five years after the Miller-Urey experiments, Schramm and Wissmann from the Max Planck Institute for Virus Research in Tubingen reported a successful synthesis of polypeptides using polyphosphate esters. Thus, they were able to... 

Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University,... 

The Scripps Research Institute (2007) Viperdb Virus particle explorer. TSRl, La Jolla, CA. http //viperdb.scripps.edu. Last visited 12 Dec 2007... 

The 1950s were years in which the first steps towards a hmited scientific restructuring could be undertaken. For instance, the MPS addressed itself to new research topics, such as behavioral psychology, chemistry of cells, aeromony and astrophysics, nuclear or plasma physics, or concentrated on issues already being pursued such as virus research or physical chemistry. Scientific cooperation beyond Germany s borders was extended step by step. Particularly high expectations accompanied the establishment of contacts between scientists of the MPS and those of Israel s Weizmann Institute in 1959. 

In terms of viral assembly and structure the baculovirus system has been used with tremendous success and some representative examples are discussed in more detail below. Generally speaking, the expressed viral protein (s) can be expected to assemble into particles that are structurally similar if not identical to their native counterparts. This has been shown specifically in the case of the nodavirus Flock House virus, where X-ray analysis of native virions and VLPs showed no differences in the structure of the protein capsid (V. Reddy and J. E. Johnson [The Scripps Research Institute, La JoUa, CA], unpublished data). Similarly, structural investigations at lower resolution, using cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction, have confirmed the identity of native and synthetic virions in many other cases. This feature combined with the large amounts that can be obtained has permitted structural analysis of many viruses for which only limited amounts of native virions were available. 

Three years after smallpox eradication, in 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that aU countries cease smallpox vaccination. In addition, WHO recommended that all laboratories destroy stocks of the virus or transfer them to either of two WHO reference laboratories, the Institute of Virus Preparations in Moscow, Russia, or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States. However, there may have been stocks of virus elsewhere (26,27). Although the WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus research recommend eradication of aU smallpox stocks by June 30,2002, the WHO Health Assembly has delayed this each year because of concerns that stocks of virus are needed for continued study (28). 

Fitchen and Beachy 5,955,647 9/21/99 1/7/03 The Scripps Research Institute Large Scale Biology Corp. Proteins expressed in plants from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)... 

More on anthrax, the Ebola virus, and especially the smallpox virus, are presented in firsthand accounts in Richard Preston s The Demon in the Freezer A True Story, published in 2002. Following the format of his previous book The Hot Zone A Terrifying True Story, Preston interviewed many of the principals involved in the CDC and, in particular, in the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases at Fort Dedrick, Maryland. He gives particulars about the highly successful program to eradicate smallpox, and about still-remaining sources of the stored virus. Included is the fact that genetic modification has produced a new strain that is not affected by conventional vaccinations. 

Delta Regional Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433 Hepatitis Virus Unit, Institut National de la Sante" et de la Recherche Medicale, U 271, 69003 Lyon, France... 

Fig. 28-3. Structure of an alphavirus. Shown is the three-dimensional reconstruction of Sindbis virus at 28 A resolution from computer-processed images taken by electron cryomicroscopy, (a) The original electron micrograph shows virus particles in vitreous ice. (b) The surface view of the virus shows details of the 80 trimeric spikes, which are arranged in a T=4 icosahedron. Each spike protrudes 50 A from the virion surface and is believed to be composed of three E1-E2 glycoprotein heterodimers, (c) The cross-sectional view shows the outer surface spikes (yellow) and the internal nucleocapsid (blue), composed of the capsid and viral RNA. The space between the spikes and the nucleocapsid would be occupied by the lipid envelope. The green arrows mark visible points of interaction between the nucleocapsid and trans-membranal tails of the glycoprotein spikes, (d) The reconstructed capsid also exhibits a T=4 icosahedral symmetry. Computer models Courtesy of Angel M. Paredes, Cell Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex. Similar but not identical versions of these computer models were published in Paredes AM, Brown DT, Rothnagel R, et al. Three-dimensional structure of a membrane-containing virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993 90 9095-9099.

European Institute for Computer Anti-Virus Research (http //www. eicar.com). 

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