Virus abundance

Mathias, C. B., A. K. T. Kirschner, and B. Velimirov. 1995. Seasonal variations of virus abundance and viral control of the bacterial production in a backwater system of the Danube River. Applied Environmental Microbiology 61 3734-3740. 

On the contrary, lysis and particularly viral lysis could be a major process in these bioassays. In cultures of natural marine bacteria inoculated into 0.2 pm filtered sea water, Wilcox and Furhman (1994) reported that virus abundance increased after few days of bacterial growth. The high abundance and production of bacteria in the HFe bioassay could enhance viral activity and consequently increase specific mortality rates. In agreement with this, during the mesoscale Fe fertilization EISENEX, a higher viral infection of bacterioplankton was estimated in the Fe-enriched patch (Weinbauer et al. 2003). Lysis could be of significance in Fe-limited ecosystems, as Fe released via lysis can be highly bioavailable (Poorvin et al. 2004). 

Danovaro, R., DeUAnno, A., Trucco, A., Serresi, M., and Vanucci, S. (2001). Determination of virus abundance in marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 1384—1387. 

J he abundance of organic materials that occur in the plant kingdom offer an opportunity for searching for specific compounds interfering with virus replication in plants. It is hoped that such compounds, if discovered, could be used efficiently for virus control and also serve as tools for our understanding of the complex virus-host system. 

Cheeran MC, Hu S, Sheng WS, Rashid A, Peterson PK, Lokensgard JR (2005) Differential responses of human brain cells to West Nile virus infection. J Neurovirol 11 512-524 Cudrici C, Ito T, Zafranskaia E, Niculescu F, Mullen KM, Vlaicu S, Judge SI, Calabresi PA, Rus H (2007) Dendritic cells are abundant in non-lesional gray matter in multiple sclerosis. Exp Mol Pathol 83 198-206... 

As indicated in Table 2.1, most of the promoters used in plant tissue culture have been based on the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. In contrast, inducible promoters have the advantage of allowing foreign proteins to be expressed at a time that is most conducive to protein accumulation and stability. Although a considerable number of inducible promoters has been developed and used in plant culture applications, e.g. [32-37], the only one to be applied thus far for the production of biopharmaceutical proteins is the rice a-amylase promoter. This promoter controls the production of an a-amylase isozyme that is one of the most abundant proteins secreted from cultured rice cells after sucrose starvation. The rice a-amylase promoter has been used for expression of hGM-CSF [10], aranti-trypsin [12, 29, 38, 39] and human lysozyme [30]. 

It is well known, for example, that about 5 per cent of the people who become infected with typhoid germs become typhoid carriers and continue indefinitely to harbor an active colony (harmless to them) of typhoid bacilli in their intestinal tracts. There is abundant evidence of graded susceptibility there are many mild cases, and the incubation time in different individuals may be from 3 to 30 days, indicating variable resistance. The fact that about 70 per cent of the carriers are women suggests that the constitutional characteristics which make it possible for individuals to endure the presence of the organisms are in some way sex-linked in their inheritance. The evidence with respect to typhoid carriers, diphtheria carriers, scarlet-fever carriers, poliomyelitis-virus carriers, etc., makes it seem probable that "carriers" enter into the dissemination of many other milder infections, and... 

Viruses are also present in the sea and are so abundant that they are probably the major life form in the ocean. They infect all kinds of microbes and are responsible for a significant amount (10 to 40%) of bacterial mortality primarily through cell lysis. This process has two important effects (1) it releases the bacteria s cytoplasmic DOM (dissolved organic matter) into seawater, where it is consumed by other bacteria, thereby boosting microbial productivity, and (2) viruses acquire genetic material from their host and transmit it into the next host cell that they infect. This leads to a transmission of genetic material whose consequence is as yet unknown. 

Wfe have an amazing abundance of genomic data from viruses, bacteria, yeast, worms, plants, animals, and humans. Analysis of this data has convincingly confirmed the essential unity of all life on Earth. 

Amplification of low-abundance cellular targets in specimens affixed to a slide, followed by ISH, is the basis of PCR-ISH. The target to be amplified may be DNA or RNA. This approach has proved invaluable for the detection of low-abundance genes, transcripts, and viruses. Often, the detection of mutant genes, abnormal expression, and viruses can be made by PCR-ISH long before traditional pathology analyses can reveal an abnormality (6). 

This system has some advantages as a method for the visualization of virus, which are themselves in great abundance and so do not require amplification for... 

The IgG described above is the major antibody in secondary immune responses, which are initiated by memory B cells. As part of the organism s ongoing immunity to antigens already encountered and dealt with, IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood. When IgG binds to an invading bacterium or virus, it... 

Detection of low-abundance nucleic acid sequences For example, viruses that have a long latency period, such as HIV, are difficult to detect at the early stage of infection using conventional methods. PCR offers a rapid and sensitive method for detecting viral DNA sequences even when only a small proportion of cells is harboring the virus. 

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