Viral vaccines yellow fever vaccine

For prevention of some types of viral hemorrhagic fevers, there is pre-exposure prophylaxis in the form of yellow fever vaccinations, and some vaccines are available as IND... 

Live (viral) Polio oral vaccine, yellow fever, measles, rubella, mumps, influenza. 

Viral hemorrhagic fevers may be diagnosed from the laboratory tests for infectious disease, as well as from the victim s travel history and the conditions to exposures. Vaccine so far is effective only against the yellow fever. Vaccines and antibody therapies for other fevers, however are not known at the moment but their development currently is under progress. 

Observational studies Yellow fever vaccine can very rarely cause severe adverse reactions, particularly neurotropic and visceral complications. Viral and host factors have been postulated to explain the basis of these reactions. However, the mechanisms underlying their occurrence remain unknown. A detailed immunological analysis of a 23-year-old woman has been published. She developed encephalitis, pancreatitis, and myositis after receiving a 17D-204 yellow fever vaccine and had various immunological abnormalities, which are described in detail in this chapter. The authors considered that the results supported the hypothesis that a strong adaptive response and abnormalities in the innate immune system may be involved in the establishment of severe adverse reactions after yellow fever vaccination [32 ]. 

CDC Case Definition A mosquito-borne viral illness characterized by acute onset and constitutional symptoms followed by a brief remission and a recurrence of fever, hepatitis, albuminuria, and symptoms and, in some instances, renal failure, shock, and generalized hemorrhages. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) fourfold or greater rise in yellow fever antibody titer in a patient who has no history of recent yellow fever vaccination and cross-reactions to other flaviviruses have been excluded or (2) demonstration of yellow fever virus, antigen, or genome in tissue, blood, or other body fluid. 

Viral vaccines are cultivated on inanimate media. Some examples include hepatitis b vaccine, influenza virus vaccine, measles virus vaccine, rabies vaccine, rubella vaccine, and yellow fever vaccine. The viral vaccines are available as lyophilized powder for reconstitution, or suspension for injections,... 

Live attenuated viruses, e.g. measles, mumps and yellow fever viral vaccines. 

Three basic approaches are used to control viral diseases vaccination, antiviral chemotherapy, and stimulation of host resistance mechanisms. Vaccination has been used successfully to prevent measles, rubella, mumps, poliomyelitis, yellow fever, smallpox, chickenpox, and hepatitis B. Unfortunately, the usefulness of vaccines appears to be limited when many stereotypes are involved (e.g., rhinoviruses, HIV). Furthermore, vaccines have little or no use once the infection has been established because they cannot prevent the spread of active infections within the host. Passive immunization with human immune globulin, equine antiserum, or antiserum from vaccinated humans can be used to assist the body s own defense mechanisms. Intramuscular preparations of immune globulin may be used to prevent infection following viral exposure and as replacement therapy in individuals with antibody deficiencies. Peak plasma concentrations of intramuscular immune globulins occur in about 2 days. In contrast, intravenously administered immune globulin provides immediate passive immunity. 

Viral Vaccination. Vaccines, agents that elicit a specific antiviral iniiiLuiie response, have been very successful against smallpox, measles, rubella, poliomyelitis, and yellow fever, all of which are generalized diseases. Vaccines against diseases caused by respiratory tract viruses, where great antigenic diversity is found, have been less effective. 

Perhaps surprisingly, all of the most successful attenuated viral vaccine strains in current use were produced by empirical methods long before the genetic basis of pathogenesis by the specific pathogen was understood. Thus, attenuated strains of polio virus for use as a live, oral vaccine (Sabin) were selected by growth of viruses isolated from human cases under cultural conditions that did not permit replication of neuropathogenic virus. Comparable procedures were used to select the attenuated virus strains that are currently used in live measles, mumps, rubella and yellow fever vaccines. 

With the development of vaccines medicine gained the ability to control, eliminate, or even eradicate selected diseases. The classical vaccines consisting mostly of killed or live attenuated microbial agents or their isolated components have been highly successful. Smallpox has been eradicated, and viral diseases like measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, rubella and yellow fever rarely occur in developed countries. Similar success has been achieved with bacterial diseases such as diphteria, tetanus, tubercolosis and whooping cough, and equally successful were vaccines in veterinary medicine. However, many diseases remain for which no... 

Ribavirin is an antiviral drug with efficacy for treatment of the arenaviruses and bunyaviruses. Passively administered antibody is also effective in therapy of some viral hemorrhagic fevers. The only licensed vaccine available for VHF agents is for yellow fever. Experimental vaccines exist for Junin, RVF, hantaan, and dengue viruses, but these will not be licensed in the near future. 

Viral infections are yellow and dengue fevers, caused by flaviviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti, and Japanese encephalitis, also caused by a flavivirus, which is spread by Culex tritaeniorhynchus All these are controlled by vaccine administration. 

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