Via punching

Jacquard, Joseph Marie (1752-1834) A French inventor, Jacquard created a series of mechanical looms in the early nineteenth century. His experiments culminated in the Jacquard loom attachment, which could be programmed, via punch cards, to weave silk in various patterns, colors, and textures automatically. The labor-saving device became highly popular in the silk-weaving industry, and its inventor received royalties on each unit sold and became wealthy in the process. The loom inspired scientists to incorporate the concept of punch cards for computer information stors e. 

A framed piece of E>upont 951 LTCC after the via punch process. The holes in the tape, as well as in the stainless steel frame, are commonly used for registration of layers. 

A 4mil (100 iin) Punch (bottom) and EHe (top) that are used to form vias in green sheets of ceramics. The center image is a punch holder that is used by the punch system to hold the small via punch. 

A die holder for a low volume CNC via punch system. This system is capable of simultaneously holding four via punches. Note the "slug" of cut tape material visible in the hollow center of... 

A year later, a novel method of encoding chemical structures via typewriter input (punched paper tape) was described by Feldmann [42]. The constructed typewriter had a special character set and recorded on the paper tape the character struck and the position (coordinates) of the character on the page. These input data made it possible to produce tabular representations of the structure. 

The compressibility of group-IVA and -VIA transition-metal boride powders is measured by the dimensions and weights of the blanks, by measuring the stroke of the punches with a cathetometer, or alternatively by electrical conductivity (based upon the metallic conductivity of most borides). The process of densiheation by pressing is defined by ... 

Connector Any means of communication between components we call a connector. A connector can be something as simple as a function call or a group of calls that provide for a collaboration, or it can be something more complex such as a dialog across an API. Or it might be a message sent via CORBA or COM or a file transfer, a pipe, or even the delivery of a deck of punched cards by courier. And of course, a GUI is a connector, just as a user is a component. 

A PtOEP-doped polystyrol layer was spread on a transparent polyester support with a thickness of 125 xm. After evaporation of the solvent, 3-5 pm thick sensor films were obtained. Circular spots were punched out of the sensor foil and fixed at the bottom of microtiter plate wells. These ready-for-use sensor arrays can be applied for a parallel determination of p(>2 in aqueous solution in multiplexed samples. The read-out of the sensor arrays was performed by means of ratiometric imaging via the RLI method shown in Fig. 4. 

In the TOCDF system, feed materials are separated inside a building with areas capable of withstanding explosions. The pressure in these and other areas where agent may be present is controlled to be lower than the ambient atmospheric pressure to prevent leakage from the building to the outside atmosphere. Two methods are used to remove agents from munitions and containers via remote control. Most containers are simply mechanically punched and drained. Projectiles, however, are not punched following separation from associated... 

Transfection efficacy of naked DNA can be increased by physical methods such as electroporation and sonication. Electroporation employs electric pulses to punch holes in the cell membrane, usually smaller than 10 nm but larger than oligonucleotides. With the use of electroporation, DNA was delivered into the cytosol of cells by diffusion. Since its introduction in 1982, in vivo transfection has been achieved in skeletal muscle, fiver, skin, tumors, testis, and the kidney. Tsujie et al. (2001) developed a method to target glomeruli using electroporation in vivo wherein injection of plasmid DNA via the renal artery was followed by application of electric fields. The kidney was electroporated by sandwiching the organ... 

In the manufacture of the multilayer structure for the TCM, square sheets are stamped from a roll of green tape loaded with a debased alumina powder. Many small (about 150 /im diameter) holes ( vias ) are punched through the tape at predetermined positions. Electrical wiring patterns with line widths and... 

For many years, nearly all the substrate materials used in the electronics industry were ceramics produced by tape casting (Mistier, 2000). These substrates consist of multiple layers of tape-cast material acting as the insulative carrier, with layers of metal deposited by sputtering, CVD, or evaporation processes. Holes punched into the tapes fill with metal and act as vias or pathways between layers when the tapes are stacked. Stacked layers of tape-cast blanks are laminated together and then sintered to produce a monolithic substrate. This process is detailed in many handbooks on electronics packaging (e g., Harper, 2000). One of the prime benefits is that the layers of the final part can be different different hole patterns, different metallization patterns, even different dimensions on each layer. 

A series of proteins collectively called the complement participate in the immune response to the entry of foreign cellular or viral material into the organism. This group of proteins consists of about 20 entities, some of which are enzymes. Complement was first associated with the lysis of foreign red blood cells in the nineteenth century it also participates in the lysis of bacterial cells. The complement activation cascade, very similar to the blood coagulation cascade, involves the stepwise activation, via proteolysis, of various components of the complement system until a final protein complex, the membrane attack unit (also called the C5b-9 complex), is generated. It then punches holes in the membrane to which it is bound. 

Extrinsic lubrication is provided via mechanisms that apply a lubricating substance, normally paraffin oil, to the tableting tool surface during processing. One method makes use of an oiled felt washer attached to the lower punch below the tip. This washer wipes the die cavity with each tablet ejection. To avoid having tablets stick to the punch faces, materials such as poly-tetrafiuorethylene or polyurethane have been applied to the faces. Another lubrication method sprays a thin layer of lubricant (either liquid or solid lubricant) onto the tool surfaces after one tablet is ejected and before the granulate of the next tablet enters the die cavity. 

Several vendors offer instrumented punch, i.e., a punch that has strain gages and other instrumentation built-in. The data are then accumulated or transmitted via... 

Both ends of the atomic absorption analysis are subject to automation. At one end, there is the automatic dilution and presentation of samples to the instrument. The results are then fed directly to a computer or other storage device, via cards, punched tape, or magnetic tape. Thus, it will eventually be possible to complete an entire series of analyses, possibly including interpretation of the meaning of the data, without intervention of the operator. 

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