Punched tape

All functions of the instrument are controlled by an electronic programming unit equipped with a 42-channel punch tape. 

Except for the early commercial automated instruments, which used punched tape or drum controllers, all automated synthesizers are microprocessor controlled. The microprocessor controls the driver, which in turn, operates the valves, motors, heaters and sensors. 

Display. The contents of the MCA memory (total counts in each channel) may be displayed visually as counts vs. channel number (= counts vs. x-ray energy) on a TV screen or by an X-Y plotter, or they may be recorded on printed tape, punched tape, or magnetic tape. 

Instrumentation on the flume consisted of pH meters, dissolved oxygen probes (galvanic), pyrheliometers, an anemometer, and a paper-punch tape data acquisition system. 

The cumulative result of these disadvantages has been to restrict the continued development of constant-velocity spectrometers. One of the few major developments of recent years has been the description of an instrument which takes readings at a number of velocities pre-programmed on a length of punched tape [14]. The great majority of investigations are now made using repetitive velocity-scan systems. 

Both ends of the atomic absorption analysis are subject to automation. At one end, there is the automatic dilution and presentation of samples to the instrument. The results are then fed directly to a computer or other storage device, via cards, punched tape, or magnetic tape. Thus, it will eventually be possible to complete an entire series of analyses, possibly including interpretation of the meaning of the data, without intervention of the operator. 

By the aid of a modified peptide synthesizer solutions of two moles of Boc- or Ddz-amino acid salts (sodium- or triethylammonium form) in tetrahydrofuran or dichloro-methane at —40 °C are mixed for 5 minutes with one mole of phosgene in the same solvent at —40 °C, controlled by the punched tape program of the synthesizer (Fig. 44). The solution of the symmetric anhydride is added at —40 C to the gel polymer, which is contained in the centrifugal reactor (see p. 75) and is allowed to warm up to the cooling water temperature level (9—13 C) of the reactor during the peptide synthesis period of 30 minutes. Since the mode of action of the centrifugal reactor renders it possible to perfuse an external IR flow cell with the reaction solution, we are in a position to monitor directly the quality of the symmetric anhydride and its consumption, watching the characteristic absorptions on 1,830 and 1,760 cm [71]. In several cases the symmetric anhydrides were isolated in crystalline or solid form for characterization (Table 6). 

Positively the possibilities of programming are bettered by introduction of electronic logics using integrated circuits. An electronically performed time base is multiplied or divided as given by the coded information from a punched tape resulting in unlimited duration of all time functions, if necessary. The programs are punched, read, and copied on teletype writers, as is common in computer techniques. In this way the necessity for electromechanical switches is nearly excluded [192]. 

In the twenty-first century, CAM is more or less the mechanical output aspect of GAD work, but in the early days, CAM was developed independently to speed up industrial production on assembly lines. Patrick J. Hanratty, regarded as the father of GAD/ GAM, developed the first industrial GAM using numerical control (NG) in 1957. Numerical control— the automation of machining equipment by the use of numerical data stored on tape or punched on cards—had been in existence since the 1940 s, as it was cheaper to program controls into an assembly machine than to employ an operator. Hanratty s PRONTO, a computer language intended to replace the punched-tape system (similar to punch cards in that the automaton motors reacted to the position of... 

NC Numerically controlled. Usually refers to a machine tool, in this case a drilling machine. The most basic type is one in which a mechanical guide locates the positions of the holes. NC machines are usually controlled by punched tape. 

Programs are usually stored on punched tapes or magnetic tape cassettes. Defects in the filing syston may cause different programs or different versions of a program to be mixed up, which again can result in a collision. 

Vias are subsequently filled with a specially formulated conductive material applied through a stencil in a screen printing process. The stencil is made from 0.002- to 0.003-inthick brass or stainless steel containing etched or punched vias of the same pattern as the tape. The stencil and punched tape are typically optically aligned before printing the conductive pastes into the vias. Quality factors are completeness of fill, without overfill, and accuracy of placement of the fill material. 

Word proeessing is important to all areas of human endeavor. As early as 1936, the autotypist appeared which used punched tapes for storage. This was followed in 1964 by the electric typewriter produced by IBM whieh used magnetie tape and is considered to be the first word proeessor. Word proeessing is now an important feature of all modem PCs. This has made the eonventional typewriter that uses an inked ribbon obsolete, just as the slide rale has been replaced by seientific electronic calculators. 

Brunfeldt K, Halstrqm J, Roepstorff P (1969) A punched tape controlled peptide synthesizer. Acta Chem Scand 23 2830-2838... 

Office supplies might include telephones, computers, computer disks, printers, facsimile machine, photocopiers, toner link, typewriter and ribbon, microfilm I microfiche readers, calculators, copy paper, pads of paper, pens, highlighters, staplers and staples, staple removers, paper clips, three-hole paper punches, tape, Post-It notes, scissors, folders, binders, labels, bulletin board and push pins, chalkboard and chalk, dictionary, tables, chairs, waste receptacles, coffee maker, coffee, and cups. Software supplies depend on your company-specific needs.)... 

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