Vehicle Motive Power

The domestic use pattern for lead in 1990 was as follows lead-acid storage batteries, used for motor vehicles, motive power, and emergency back-up power, accounted for 80% of total lead consumption ammunition, bearing metals, brass and bronze, cable covering, extruded products, sheet lead, and solder, represented 12.4% the remaining 7.6% was used for ceramics, type metal, ballast or weights, tubes or containers, oxides, and gasoline additives (USDOC 1992). 

Ground applications include communications equipment, portable television cameras, portable lights, camera drives, medical equipment, vehicle motive power, and similar uses requiring high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. 

The major applications for fuel cells are as stationary electric power plants, including cogeneration units as motive power for vehicles and as on-board electric power for space vehicles or other closed environments. Derivative applications will be summarized. 

In the series hybrid vehicle a ZEBRA battery would complement the internal combustion engine. This combination could offer pollution-free motoring within cities, with the more powerful but dirty petrol/diesel motive power used for longer journeys. In the 100 kW h to 10 MW h energy range the batteries would be suited to load-levelling. The ZEBRA battery is now being mass-produced (MES-DEA, Stabio, Italy). 

The high torque electric motor develops more than 100-kW of motive power which is 35-kW more than the previous design for the A-class. The fuel cell is also more efficient. An enhanced hydrogen storage system gives the vehicle a range of 250 miles (400-kM). The Ballard fuel cells are expected to last at least 5,000 hours in a car and 10,000 hours in a bus. 

When comparing different transportation fuels, different motive-power units and different vehicles, it is essential to speak of well-to-wheels efficiency. This concept embraces ... 

Motive power (traction) batteries are industrial batteries used to power in-house transport vehicles fork-lift trucks, electric cars, mining equipment, etc. 

Lead—acid batteries are used in three main applications automotive (starting, lighting and ignition, SLI), for motive power and for standby (reserve) power. A fourth type of lead—acid batteries is trying to gain a market segment, too, i.e. batteries for hybrid eleetric vehicle applications. In view of the partieular battery funetion and the speeifieity of the operation mode in the above four applications, the amounts of the three expander eomponents should differ for the different battery types, depending on their effeet on the proeesses that oeeur in the battery. Boden [39] proposes typical expander formulations for the different battery applications as summarised in Table 7.3. 

The maximum motive power, P , required, which is the power to enable the vehicle to accelmte and craise, is estimated to be... 

Deep-cycle batteries store and deliver energy for motive power applications, such as golf carts, forklift trucks, and airport service vehicles. Use of batteries to... 

Today s hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles utilize their batteries in a similar fashion—as a large capacitive reserve capable of powering the vehicle but not as the primary motive force. The battery serves to provide start-up and initial motive power, and may be the only source for a limited range, but a gas or diesel powered internal combustion engine is still utilized significantly. 

If a transport vehicle (semi-trailer or freight container-on-chassis) contains hazardous materials that require shipping papers and the vehicle is separated from its motive power and parked at a location [other than a facility operated by the consignor or consignee or a facility subject to the emergency response information requirements in 172.602(c)(2)] the carrier must ... 

There are two types of mobile applications for fuel cells. The first is where the fuel cell provides the motive power for the vehicle, for example, in combination with electric traction for cars and buses. For such fuel cell vehicles, the PEM fuel cell (and for special applications the alkaline (electrolyte) fuel cell (AFC)) is the preferred option. The second... 

Traction or motive power lead-acid batteries are the power source used for every kind of electric vehicle from road transport to fork life trucks in industry. 

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