Ultra low emission vehicles

Almost all the major car, bus, and truck manufacturers have developed compressed natural gas engines and vehicles. These manufacturers have been able to offer better performance (due to higher octane) and far lower emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In 1998, Honda introduced the cleanest internal combustion engine vehicle ever commercially produced the natural gas Civic GX with emissions at one-tenth the state of California s Ultra Low Emission Vehicle standard. Primarily due to the high octane of natural gas, Honda achieved these results without sacrificing performance. 

Supertwisted nematic display, 15 114 Super twisted nematic liquid crystal display (STN-LCD), 9 340 Super ultra-low emissions vehicle (SULEV), 13 855... 

Super ultra-low emission vehicle standard (SULEV), 10 57... 

Abbreviations HCHO = Formaldehyde NMOG = non-methane organic gas LEY = low-emission vehicle ULEY = ultra-low-emission vehicle SULEV = super-ultra-low-emission vehicle. 

SCO SCPC SD SEC SMR SNG SOFC SPE SRES SULEV SUV Synthetic crude oil Super-critical pulverised coal System dynamics US Securities and Exchange Commission Steam methane reformer Synthetic natural gas Solid-oxide fuel cell Society of Petroleum Engineers IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios Super-ultra-low-emission vehicle Sport utility vehicle... 

Dodge, L.G., et al., Development of a Dedicated Ethanol Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV)—Phase 3 Report, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Co., September 1996. 

ULEV Ultra Low Emission Vehicle—the most-stringent California vehicle emission standard for combustion vehicles. 

Compressed natural gas, biofuels, hybrid vehicles, fuel-efficient vehicles, and ultra-low-emission vehicles... 

From Table 2 it is seen that ultra-low-emission vehicles (ULEV) will have to meet 0.04 g nonmethane hydrocarbons per mile traveled compared to 0.25 g per mile in 1993. In contrast, the CO and NOx emissions will only halve between 1993 and ULEV standards. While this does not mean that the CO and NOx standards are easily achievable, it highlights the greater importance attnbuted to the control of HC by the regulatory bodies in the United States. Similarly, the European standards for hydrocarbons are promulgated to reduce progressively at each stage of the legislation. In addition, for the first time the... 

The CNG vehicles were a technical success and included the first vehicles certified to the strict California low emissions vehicle (LEV) and ultra low emissions vehicle (ULEV) standards. They were also certified to the inherently low emissions vehicle (ILEV) category, and the full-sized van was certified to the California super ultra low emissions vehicle (SULEV) standard. 

K. Kollmann, J. AbthofF and W. Zahn Concepts for Ultra Low Emission Vehicles. SAE Technical Paper Series Nr. 940469,1994. 

The second range covers exhaust temperature measurements from -40 to 760 °C for diesel engines and even up to 1200 °C for gasoline engines. These market is currently driven by legislative emission requirements worldwide like ULEV (ultra-low emission vehicles), OBD (on-board diagnosis), and EUR04. Improved emission systems need temperature measurements in the exhaust system before and after the catalyst. 

LEV = Low emission vehicle ULEV=ultra low emission vehicle SULEV=Super ultra low emission vehicle... 

---