California zero emissions vehicle

California Air Resources Board, Staff Report 2008 Proposed Amendments to the California Zero Emission Vehicle Program Regulations (Fast Refueling for EVs), 8 February, 2008. 

The future use of lead may be decided by the resolution of an environmental paradox. Some markets for lead are being phased out because of environmental concerns, eg, the use of tetraethyllead as a gasoline additive. However, a 1990 State of California law and similar laws in nine eastern U.S. states require that 2% of new cars meet 2ero-emission standards in 1998. By 2003 this requirement rises to 10% of new vehicles. Zero emission vehicles are generally accepted to mean electric, ie, battery powered cars, and there is considerable research effort to bring suitable electric vehicles to market by 1998. 

Regulations imposed on auto makers to address a perceived air pollution crisis once again renewed EV interest in the early 1990s. Perhaps the most aggressive regulations were imposed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) low emission vehicle (LEV) program mandating that zero emission vehicles... 

A number of experimental hydrogen-powered vehicles have been built, dating back to the 1930s. Beginning in the early 1990s, zero-emission-vehicle regulations (enacted first m California and later in Massachusetts and New York) and government... 

California has the strictest air quality standards in the U.S. and has been promoting zero emission vehicles (ZEVs). Electric cars have not been as successful as expected and fuel cell vehicles are viewed the logical path to ZEVs. 

Kalhammer, F. R., Kopf, B. M., Swan, D. H., Roan, V. P. and Walsh, M. P. (2007). Status and Prospects for Zero Emissions Vehicle Technology. Report of the ARB Independent Expert Panel 2007. California State of California Air Resources Board Sacramento, www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevreview/ zev panel report.pdf. 

Zero emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate (California and north-eastern states)... 

That said, the future for fuel cells as such has become much brighter because of environmental, rather than economic, exigencies. In particular, the State of California has ruled that at least 10% of all new vehicles sold in that state must be zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) by the year 2003,... 

As a result of atmospheric pollution levels that exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in many parts of the United States, both the federal government and the State of California have implemented standards for exhaust and evaporative emissions from new vehicles (see Exhaust control, AUTOMOTIVE). The first of these standards went into effect in 1968 and mandated that the vapors from the vehicle crankcase be routed back through the engine and burned. Since then, the standards have continued to grow stricter. Table 7 shows the federal exhaust emission standards and Table 8 shows the more stringent California standards. California has mandated that starting in 1998 a certain percentage of new vehicles sales must be zero emissions vehicles (ZEV). 

The development of fuel cell technology received a boost when California passed a law requiring that by 1998 2% of new motor vehicles sold in the state must be zero-emission vehicles, and by 2003, 10% of new vehicles must be zero-emission. Zero-emission means that they produce no pollution. Vehicles powered by rechargeable batteries or hydrogen fuel cells V ... 

Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Describes a vehicle meeting either the EPA s CFV ZEV standards or CARET s California Low-Emission Vehicle Program ZEV standards. ZEV standards, usually met with electric vehicles, require zero vehicle emissions. 

An important stimulus to battery development was the 1989 Los Angeles legislation which has as its objective an increasing proportion of new cars sold in California to be Zero Emission Vehicles which means, in effect, that cars must be powered by hydrogen fuel cells or batteries. The legislation requires that at least 10% of all new vehicles marketed in California must be ZEVs by 2003. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) initiative was followed by similar legislation in New York and Massachusetts. Many hundreds of thousands of electric vehicles are expected to be on the road in California by 2010. 

Since the establishment of the zero emission vehicle (ZEV) program by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) in 1990, California has pressed industry to develop and commercialize advanced vehicles, including hydrogen FCVs. Jim Boyd, a commissioner at the California Energy Commission (CEC) and former executive director of CARB, discusses the California program s positive effects on a hydrogen transition and summarizes two new CEC and CARB reports on the state s growing oil dependence. These analyses... 

A historical sidebar about the California Low Emission Vehicle Program is appropriate here. The program dates back to 1986 when the California Air Resources Board (ARB) staff discussed and debated the fact that we could not achieve the 1987 Federal Clean Air Act public health protection target in spite of doing more than anyone anywhere to achieve clean air. In spite of the auto industry s assertions that they had already been driven to near-zero, more had to be done to reduce vehicle emissions. In fact, the ARB felt that California would never see clean air unless some percent of the vehicle population s emissions were, in effect, zero. But zero had to wait for the unveiling of GM s Impact electric vehicle prototype, the precursor to the EV-1, in 1990. This need, zero, is still true today. 

Surveys indicate that consumers favor government mandates or taxes to reduce oil dependency even while individual consumer choices result in the opposite (U.S. Department of Energy, 2001). The political system has reflected this by limiting regulatory requirements on the automobile and fuel industries to emission reductions and safety improvements that are largely transparent to the end consumer. California s controversial zero emission vehicle program was criticized, in part, because it required manufacturers to sell ZEVs but did not have a parallel requirement for consumers to buy them. 

California Air Resources Board. 2003. ARB Modifies Zero Emission Vehicle Regulation. News Release. Sacramento, CA California Air Resources Board, April 24, 2003. 

For the conventional automotive TWC, continued improvements will be needed in thermal durability of OSC materials, especially given that upcoming regulations, such as those for Partial Zero Emission Vehicles in California, allow for no increase of emissions above the extremely low mandated levels over 150,000 miles of vehicle life. Such requirements can only be met if there is almost no deterioration in emission performance over the useful life of the vehicle. Hence, extremely durable oxygen storage materials - even better than those on vehicles today - will be needed. Similarly, the impact of chemical deactivation, particularly phosphorus poisoning, will need to be minimized. More understanding is needed of... 

Low Emission Vehicle and Zero-emission Vehicle Review , Mobile Source Division, Air Resources Board, California Environmental Protection Agency, November 1996. 

California wanted a ZEV—the zero emissions vehicle—for which there was only one possible option at the time the return of the electric car. 

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