Duty vehicles emissions

Kirchstetter, T. W., B. C. Singer, R. A. Harley, G. R. Kendall, and W. Chan, Impact of Oxygenated Gasoline Use on California Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 661-670 (1996). 

Pollack, A. K A. M. Dunker, J. K. Fieber, J. G. Heiken, J. P. Cohen, S. B. Shepard, C. H. Schleyer, and G. Yarwood, Revision of Light-Duty Vehicle Emission Inventories Using Real-World Measurements—Auto/Oil Program, Phase II, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 48, 291-305 (1998). 

Table 7.6. Impact of low and high oxygenated gasoline use on California light-duty vehicle emission (Krichstetter et al., 1996)...

Kirchstetter TW, Singer BC, Harley RA, et al. 1996. Impact of oxygenated gasoline use on California light-duty vehicle emissions. Environ Sci Technol 30 661-670. 

Anonymous "Evaluation of Sulfur Acid Exposures from LDV (Light Duty Vehicles) Emissions", EPA, April 3, 1975. 

Sodeman D, Toner SM, Prather KA (2005) Determination of single particle mass spectral signatures from light-duty vehicle emissions. Environ Sci Technol 39 4569-4580... 

Table 8. California Light-Duty Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards...

State of California Air Resource Board, California Fuel Evaporative Emissions Standard and Test Procedure for 1970 Model Light Duty Vehicles, April 16, 1968. 

Darrow, K.G., Idght Duty Vehicle Full Fuel Cycle Emissions Analysis Topical Report, Gas Research Institute Report GRI-93/0472 (1994)... 

Federal Emission Control Requirements for Light-Duty Vehicles... 

SCR for heavy-duty vehicles reduces NOx emissions by 80%, HC emissions by 90% and PM emissions by 40% in the EU test cycles, using current diesel fuel (<350 ppm sulphur) [27], Fleet tests with SCR technology show excellent NOx reduction performance for more than 500000 km of truck operation. This experience is based on over 6 000 000 km of accumulated commercial fleet operation [82], The combination of SCR with a pre-oxidation catalyst, a hydrolysis catalyst and an oxidation catalyst enables higher NOx reduction under low-load and low-temperature conditions [83],... 

Just a few words to explain that in EuroV is that the clean-up strategy adopted by heavy-duty vehicles differs from that chosen by passenger cars. The heavy-duty vehicles have decided to reduce the engine-out particles emission levels and to treat the NOx released in the exhaust line by adopting the SCR-NH3 system. 

The federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 appear to be working. In the 1990s, Tier 1 standards greatly reduced tailpipe emissions of new light-duty vehicles which includes cars and most sport utility vehicles. 

The large-scale deployment of hydrogen in the transport sector (cars, light-duty vehicles and city buses) has a significant impact on the reduction of atmospheric pollutant emissions. Emission reduction of pollutants is one of the main drivers for the introduction of hydrogen. These benefits are often mentioned. However, the number of quantitative analyses is limited. In the following, the results of the HyWays project (HyWays, 2007) will be presented. 

There has been a recent revival in interest in the use of ethanol-diesel fuel blends (E-diesel) in heavy-duty vehicles as a means to reduce petroleum dependency, increase renewable fuels use, and reduce vehicle emissions [27]. E-diesel blends containing 10-15% ethanol could be prepared via the use of additives. However, several fuel properties that are essential to the proper operation of a diesel engine are affected by the addition of ethanol to diesel fuel - in particular, blend stability, viscosity and lubricity, energy content and cetane number (increasing concentrations of ethanol in diesel lower the cetane number proportionately) [28]. Materials compatibility and corrosiveness are also important factors that need to be considered. 

Westerholm, R. and Li, H. A multivariate statistical analysis of fuel-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from heavy-duty vehicles, Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 28(5) 965-972, 1994. 

Percentage of in-use light-duty automobiles Percentage of vehicle miles traveled Relative percentage of exhaust emissions of PM by light-duty automobiles Emissions of PM by light-duty automobiles (tons / day)... 

M. Gautam, D. H. Ferguson, G. R. Neuroth, and K. D. Stevens, Characterization of Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Emissions, Atmos. Environ., 28, 731-743 (1994). 

Westerholm, R., and K. Egeback, Exhaust Emissions from Light-and Heavy-Duty Vehicles Chemical Composition, Impact of Exhaust after Treatment and Fuel Parameters, Environ. Health Perspect., /02(Suppl. 4), 13-23 (1994). 

TABLE 16.3 Light-Duty Motor Vehicle Emission Standards in the United States and California"... 

RAFs are adopted in Section 13 of the California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 1988 and Subsequent Model Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles, and the process for establishing RAFs is in Appendix VIII of that document. The document is incorporated by reference in Title 13, California Code of Regulations, Section 1960.l(k) see also California Air Resources Board (1992a, 1993). The last amended date is March 19, 1998. 

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