Varian Corporation

Figure 1.11 Schematic ofVarian s Ge slide-on ATR objective, showing how the spatial resolution is enhanced by increasing the refraction index of the medium to 4 with Ge and increasing the outer ray angle of incidence to 50°, resulting in a numerical aperture of 3.1. Illustration courtesy of Varian Corporation.

Figure 1.24 Schematic diagram of the Bio-Rad Stingray hyperspectral imaging spectrometer. Illustration courtesy of Varian Corporation.

Figure 1.25 The first commercial rapid-scanning FPA chemical imaging system, introduced in 2001 by Digilab (now Varian Corporation).

Figure 1.30 Varian s patented side-port adaptor and objective, allowing for the measurement of samples that are too large to be accommodated under the objective s standard 24-mm working distance, illustration courtesy of Varian Corporation.

In 1960, Varian Corporation built and marketed the first commercial NMR spectrometer, the 60 MHz A-60 model (see the photograph). It was a workhorse that brought NMR spectroscopy to chemistry departments industrial and academic, large and small during the 1960s. Not long afterward, Varian marketed the HA-100 (100 MHz provides separations of peaks 67 percent better than 60 MHz), and by the end of the decade, some elite corporations and universities were acquiring 220 MHz instruments. The most powerful analytical tool in the chemist s laboratory had arrived and yet its fabulous future potential was only dimly perceived. 

A number of modern HPLC columns have been used for DNA and RNA separations. One example is a silica-based C18 material available from Varian Corporation (Walnut Creek, CA). There have been recent reports on monolith polymeric materials providing excellent separations [30-32]. The remarkable performance of the DNA and RNA separation columns is based on a number of properties including the porosity of the packing material, its polarity, the absence of metal contamination, and the small size and narrow size distribution of the packing material. 

There are several suppliers of electron accelerators suitable for remote repair of composites, including Varian, Siemans, and Schonberg. At present, the only manufacturer of suitable portable electron accelerators is Schonberg Radiation Corporation of Santa Clara, California. Field repair of damaged aircraft components can be accomplished with a remotely controlled, truck-mounted accelerator. Table 13 gives the characteristics for several electron accelerators, all portable, supplied by Schonberg. Fig. 5 shows a schematic layout of a 10-MeV accelerator... 

LIMS/DM, Varian Laboratory Data Systems, Varian Instrument Group, 2700 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598. LIMS/2000, Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Analytical Instruments, Main Ave. (MS-12), Norwalk, CT 06856. 

Galileo Electro-Optics Corporation Varian Mullard (UK). 

Gas Chromatograph -- A Varian 6000 equipped with two constant-current/pulsed-frequency electron capture detectors, a 30-m x 0.53-mm ID DB-5 fused-silica open-tubular column (1.5-/xm film thickness), and a 30-m x 0.53-mm ID DB-1701 fused-silica open-tubular column (1.0-/im film thickness), both connected to a press-fit Y-shaped fused-silica inlet splitter (Restek Corporation, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania), was used to analyze for the nitroaromatic compounds. The columns were temperature-programmed from 120°C (1.0-min hold) to 200°C (1-min hold) at 3°C/min, then to 250°C (4-min hold) at 8°C/min injector temperature 250°C detector temperature 320°C helium carrier gas 6 mL/min nitrogen makeup gas 20 mL/min. 

Adsorption capacities were studied -by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (Vista-Pro ICP-OES from VARIAN) for lead analysis and -by UV Spectrometry (Nicolet Evolution 300 from ThermoElectron Corporation) for p-nitrophenol determination. 

Many instrument manufacturers have kindly provided detailed information on their products including photographs and their help is greatly appreciated. Among the many, special thanks are due to ATI Unicam Ltd., Bruker Inc., CAMAG Scientific Inc., the APACKARD Company, ESA Inc., the GOW-MAC Instrument Co., the Hewlett-Packard Corporation, JM Science Inc., LabConections Inc., LDC Analytical, Nicolet Analytical, the Perkin Elmer Corporation, Polymer Laboratories Inc., Supelco Inc., VALCO Instruments Inc., Varian Instruments Inc., VG Organic Inc., and Whatman Inc. for permission to reproduce instrument details and application examples from their technical literature. 

The reaction flasks were stoppered with rubber caps, so that samples could be withdrawn at the proper time interval with a hypodermic syringe. The flasks were immediately placed in a water bath controlled at 25°C. Samples withdrawn from the reaction flasks were placed in a 0.1 mm cell (Connecticut Instrument Corporation, Type FT) using Irtran-2 crystals. The infrared spectrum was scanned in the A.5 micron region using a Perkin-Elmer Infracord, Model 257 Spectrometer. When the isocyanate peak was reached, the time was noted. NMR studies were carried out on a Varian A-60 high resolution spectrometer. 

UV/VIS-DRS measurements were performed using a Cary 400 UV/VIS spectrometer (Varian) equipped with a diffuse reflectance accessory (praying mantis, Harrick). The reflectance spectra were converted into the Kubelka-Munk function F(R) which is proportional to the absorption coefficient for low values of F(R). Spectra were deconvoluted into Gaussian bands using the GRAMS/386 program (Galactic Industries Corporation). 

Varian Chromatography Systems Viking Instraments Corporation... 

MD3M was obtained from Dow Coming Corporation. 200 mg of this colorless oil was dissolved in 0.7 ml CDCU solvent and put into a 5-mm NMR tube for the following NMR measurements. All NMR spectra were collected at 25 °C on a Varian Unityp/w 750 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with four RF channels, a Performa II z axial pulse field gradient (PFG) accessory, a 5 mm Varian H/ C/X (where X is tunable over the range of the resotumce frequencies firom N to Cd) triple resonance four charmel probe with a PFG coU (for ID H, 2D and 3D NMR experiments), and a 5 mm Varian H/ X (X = P- N) switchable probe with a PFG coil (for ID C and Si NMR experiments). The solvent was also used as the internal reference for H and C chemical shifts. TMS was used as an external reference for Si chemical shifts. All data were processed with Varian s VNMR software on a SUN Ultra-10 workstation. 

Visible, ultraviolet and infrared spectrometers Cecil Instruments Ltd. Foss Tecator Gilson International Kontron Instruments Perkin Elmer Corporation Philips Analytical Varian Instruments... 

Flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry GBC Scientific Pty Ltd. Perkin Elmer Corporation PS Analytical Ltd. Shimadzu Fisher Scientific Varian Instruments... 

NMR spectroscopy Perkin Elmer Corporation Varian Instruments... 

Gas chromatography Dyson Instruments Ltd. Hnu-Nordion Ltd. Perkin Elmer Corporation Shimadzu Siemens AG Thermo Electron Varian Instruments... 

Other suppliers of thermal analysis equipment Mettler Corporation Polymer Laboratories Inc. Varian Instruments... 

Varian, Inc., Corporate Headquarters 3120 Hansen Way Palo Alto CA 94304-1030 USA... 

Instrument Manufacturers. Many analytical instrumentation companies market spectroscopy systems and the publicly traded companies vary widely in terms of size and revenue. Most companies also market products that are not related to spectroscopy. For example, in 2009, Thermo Fisher Scientific employed about 35,000 people worldwide and had revenues of more than 10 billion, while Bio-Rad Laboratories employed 6,800 people worldwide and had revenues of nearly 1.8 billion. Bruker Corporation, which markets many spectroscopic systems, employed about 4,000 people in 2009 and earned revenue of 1.1 billion. Other large companies, such as Beckman Coulter, Agilent, Varian, Hitachi, and PerkinElmer, market spectroscopy-based systems. The HORIBA Group is ajapan-based global corporation with divisions that handle analytical equipment and medical diagnostic instruments and systems. 

The reference standards of different monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and alkanes were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc. (Milwaukee, WI, USA), Fluka Chemical Corporation (New York, NY, USA), Roth Co. Chemische Fabrik (Karlsruhe, Germany), Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Varian Associated (Houston, TX, USA). These reference standards include tricyclene, a-pinene, sabinene, a-phellandrene, 1-decene, limonene, fenchone, a-terpineol, a-terpinolene, c/s-verbenol, cis- and trans-carveol, cA-dihydrocarveol, a-longipinene, a-cedrene, (-)-isolongifolol, a-humulene, valencene, cuparene, myristyl alcohol, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, camphene, alloaromadendrene, -eicosane, and n-heneicosane. Solutions were prepared in methanol at concentrations of 10 mg/mL. For GC/MS analysis each standard solution was diluted by mixing 0.1 mL of the standard solution with 0.9 mL of methanol. 

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