Vancomycin Staphylococcus aureus

As recently as 1970, only about 30 naturally occurring organohalogen compounds were known. It was simply assumed that chloroform, halogenated phenols, chlorinated aromatic compounds called PCBs, and other such substances found in the environment were industrial pollutants. Now, only a third of a century later, the situation js quite different. More than 5000 organohalogen compounds have been found to occur naturally, and tens of thousands more surely exist. From a simple compound like chloromethane to an extremely complex one like vancomycin, a remarkably diverse range of organohalogen compounds exists in plants, bacteria, and animals. Many even have valuable physiological activity. Vancomycin, for instance, is a powerful antibiotic produced by the bacterium Amycolatopsis orientalis and used clinically to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 

Problems of recent years involving listeriosis, salmonellosis, giardiasis and Legionnaire s disease have received attention, as have the re-emergence of tuberculosis and the importance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). 

Infections acquired from an external source are referred to as exogenous infections. These infections may occur as a result of human-to-human transmission, contact with exogenous bacterial populations in the environment, and animal contact. Resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. 

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common hospital-acquired pathogen and is also increasing in the community. MRSA has presented a problem in the past because it required treatment with vancomycin. Community-acquired MRSA presents a major therapeutic challenge. MRSA can cause pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Clinicians should be aware of the rate of hospital and community MRSA in your geographic area. New treatment options are available for MRSA. They include linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin. Prospective clinical trials have not demonstrated benefits of these agents over vancomycin.36-37... 

Joint replacement S. aureus, S. epidermidis Cefazolin 1 gx 1 preoperatively, then every 8 hours x 2 more doses Vancomycin reserved for penicillin-allergic patients or where institutional prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus warrants use IA... 

The combined synergistic effects of cyclo(Leu-Pro) and cyclo(Phe-Pro) were effective against five vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains Enterococcus faecium (K-99-38), E. faecalis (K-99-17), E. faecalis (K-99-258), E. faecium (K-01-312), and E. faecalis (K-01-511) with MIC values of 0.25—1 mgl . It also showed activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC values of 0.25—0.5 mg 1. This combination also showed mutagenic activity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TAIOO strains in a Salmonella mutation assay. ... 

Dhawan B, Gadepalli R, Kapil A. (2009) In vitro activity of daptomycin against Staphylococcus Aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus Faecium isolates associated with skin and soft tissue infections First results from India. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 65 196-198. 

Recently, the piperazine intermediate 15 for the total synthesis of (—)-lemon-omycin (9) was reported by Fukuyama et al. [14], (—)-Lemonomycin possesses interesting antibiotic activity against methiciUin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, as well as cytotoxicity against the human colon tumor cell line HCT-116 [15]. The reaction of 2-isocyanoethyl phenyl carbonate 11 gave Ugi product 14, which was further transformed to a piperazine intermediate 15 (Scheme 2). 

Fridkin S.K., J. Hageman, L.K. McDougal, et al. (2003). Epidemiological and microbiological characterization of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. United States, 1997-2001. Clinical Infectious Diseases 36 429 39. 

Hiramatsu K. (1998). The emergence of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptihihty to vancomycin in Japan. American Journal of Medicine 104 7S-10S. 

Hiramatsu K., H. Hanaki, T. Ino, K. Yahuta, T. Oguri, and F.C. Tenover (1997). MethiciUin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus chnical strains with reduced vancomycin susceptihihty. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 40 135-136. 

S. A. Roberts, J. Robson, K. Read, N. Bak, J. Hurley, P.D.R. Johnson, A.J. Morris, B.C. Mayall, and M.L. Grayson (2004). Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38 521-528. 

Howe R.A., A. Monk, M. Wootton, T.R. Walsh, and M.C. Enright (2004). Vancomycin susceptibility within methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10 855-857. 

Miller D., V. Urdaneta, and A. Weltman (2002). Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus—Pennsylvania, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51 509. 

Noble W.C., Z. Virani, and R.G. Cree (1992). Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiology Letters 72 195-198. 

Smith T.L., M.L. Pearson, K.R. Wilcox, C. Cruz, M.V. Lancaster, B. Robinson-Dunn, F.C. Tenover, MJ. Zervos, J.D. Dand, E. White, W.R. Jarvis, et al. (1999b). Emergence of vancomycin reistiance in Staphylococcus aureus. New England Journal of Medicine 340(7) 493-501. 

Tenover F.C., L.M. Weigel, P.C. Appelbaum, L.K. McDougal, J. Chaitram, S. McAllister, N. Clark, G. Killgore, C.M. O Hara, L. Jevitt, J.B. Patel, and B. Bozdogan (2004). Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylavania. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48 275-280. 

Whitener C.J., S.Y. Park, F.A. Browne, L.J. Parent, K. Julian, B. Bozdogan, P.C. Appelbautn, J. Chaitram, L.M. Weigel, J. Jemigan, L.K. McDougal, F.C. Tenover, and S.K. Fridkin (2004). Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the absence of vancomycin exposure. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38 1049-1055. 

Most appropriate use is when vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infection is documented or strongly suspected, or for oral therapy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection... 

Hiramatsu et al Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997 40 135. [PMID 9249217]... 

Hiramatsu K. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus A new model of antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 2001 1 147. [PMID 11871491]... 

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