Values duplicating

Each value duplicate including controls (range ca. 15%). 

One of the most useful tools to spot and eliminate errors is a spreadsheet, such as Excel or QuattroPro. QSAR modelers very frequently use spreadsheets to organize data into columns and rows of standardized values of the independent and dependent parameters. Spreadsheets allow easy sorting and filtering — two important functions used to find problem data and duplicates and other errors. In addition, spreadsheets have search and replace routines, plotting, and correlation functions, which allow the data to be reviewed in various comprehensive ways. The data can also be exported to other file types, which allow analysis by other software for statistics and any types of quantitative and qualitative relationships that may exist. It cannot be emphasized enough that the typical spreadsheet functions (including graphing functions) are excellent tools to find and eliminate erroneous or questionable values, duplicates, and other problem entries. 

To duplicate a value or formula in one cell into a range of cells, highlight the cell whose value you want to duplicate, plus cells below or to the right of where you want the value duplicated. Then choose Fill from the Edit menu and choose Down, Right, Up or Left from the submenu. 

If the spike recovery for Bsf is acceptable, or if the result for sample B is below the method s detection limit or outside the range of 0.1 to 10 times the amount of analyte spiked in Bsf, then the duplicate samples Ai and A2 are analyzed. The results for Ai and A2 are discarded if the difference between their values is excessive. If the difference between the results for Ai and A2 is within the accepted limits, then the results for samples Ai and B are compared. Since samples collected from the same sampling site at the same time should be identical in composition, the results are discarded if the difference between their values is unsatisfactory, and accepted if the difference is satisfactory. 

Mean values from duplicate analyses of each of three samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 

Appendixes Appendix 1 defines the basis used for defining stress-intensity values. Appendix 2 contains external-pressure charts, and Appendix 3 has the rules for bolted-flange connec tions these two are exact duplicates of the eqiiivalent appendixes in Division 1. 

The Excel spreadsheet is constructed so that on page one, the referenced properties are listed in Column C, and the same with conversion factors to SI units in Column D. Conversion formulas and values calculated in SI Units are in Column E. Column F is a duplicate of Column E, and this can be used for additional calculation by changing to other conditions or to an entirely new case. It is recommended toleave Column E alone for a comparison case and to copy Column F to another page to execute calculations. 

Table 25 Summary of the pH values of some layer materials of precoated plates, determined as 10% aqueous suspensions (duplicate determination two different TLC/HPTLC plates from the same bateh).

You can t duplicate these molecular weights for C7H16 and CsHa02 by using the atomic weights given in the periodic table. Those values are for the natural-abundance mixture of isotopes. The exact values are 12.00000 for C, 1.00783 for H, and 15.9949 for 0. 

A single pump is the cheapest first-cost installation. However, if downtime has any value such as in lost production, in hazards created in rest of process, etc., then a stand-by duplicate unit should be considered. A spare or stand-by can be installed adjacent to the operating unit, and switched into service on very short notice, provided it is properly maintained. Spare pumps which do not oper-... 

Develop practical test program to demonstrate components ability to meet structural and performance criteria. Extent of such test program, if any, depends on economic value of component, number of units to be produced, consequences of failure, accuracy of structural analysis and design, margins of safety used in design, knowledge about service loads and environments, and difficulty of duplicating service loads and conditions in test... 

Tests were performed at 75°C using a University of Texas Model 500 spinning drop tensiometer. Active surfactant concentration in the aqueous phase prior to addition of the oil phase was 0.5% wt. Interfacial tension values are the average of duplicate or triplicate determinations. 

Equation (3.31) is satisfied with Sr = Sl=. Equation (3.32) is satisfied the same way, but with the added provision that the inlet and outlet pressures are the same in the large and small units. Scaling in parallel automatically keeps the same value for t. The scaleup should be an exact duplication of the pilot plant results but at S times the flow rate. 

The Production Department was not amused, because lower values had been expected. Quality Control was blamed for using an insensitive, unse-lective, and imprecise test, and thereby unnecessarily frightening top management. This outcome had been anticipated, and a better method, namely polarography, was already being set up. The same samples were run, this time in duplicate, with much the same results. A relative confidence interval of 25% was assumed. Because of increased specificity, there were now less doubts as to the amounts of this particular heavy metal that were actually present. To rule out artifacts, the four samples were sent to outside laboratories to do repeat tests with different methods X-ray fluorescence (XRFi °) and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). The confidence limits were determined to be 10% resp. 3%. Figure 4.23 summarizes the results. Because each method has its own specificity pattern, and is subject to intrinsic artifacts, a direct statistical comparison cannot be performed without first correcting the apparent concentrations in order to obtain presumably true... 

The means resulting from several (k) repeat determinations on every of (j) samples and/or sample preparations must comply several such sample averages Xmean, would go into the over-all average Xmean,total-In the simplest case oi j = Ijk - 2 (duplicate determinations on each of two sample work-ups), both sample averages xji and Xj2 would have to comply. It could actually come to pass that repeat measurements, if foreseen in the SOP, would in this way not count as individual results this would cut the contribution of the measurement s SD towards the repeatability by v/2, x/3, etc. For true values /x that are less than 2-3 a from the limit, the OOS-risk would be reduced. 

Results are means of duplicate determinations. Serums are from the routine laboratory. Bilirubin levels are assayed values. 

It must be pointed out that the atomic absorption system as used today, cannot accurately determine the calcium level of a solution. The reason for this is that results will vary depending upon the other elements present and the composition of the solution. Since it is impossible to duplicate every feature of the particular serum being analyzed, results have to be compared to standards which have been made up in serum dialysates. Such standards are available in the form of the Versatols where the calcium has been dialyzed out and then weighed back. This is distinct from substances such as Validate, which are used as controls and which values are re-sults of analysis. The variability of serum composition has significantly widened what is now considered the "normal range" for serum Ca assay when done by atomic absorption (37a). 

We finally arrive at the result we want, since we can now set up "Tristimulus Filters" to use in defining colors. We can now define "y as our standard luminosity curve for the human eye (photopic vision). Note that x, the red tristimulus value, has a certain amount of blue in it in order to duplicate the response of the red preceptor in the retina. 

These data are used to accept or reject a set of replicated samples. The replicates are usually duplicate samples. Therefore, the difference between the two values should lie within the critical range. If not, the sample Is rejected and the analyses rerun If possible. Discarding results should only be done after... 

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