Serum composition

It must be pointed out that the atomic absorption system as used today, cannot accurately determine the calcium level of a solution. The reason for this is that results will vary depending upon the other elements present and the composition of the solution. Since it is impossible to duplicate every feature of the particular serum being analyzed, results have to be compared to standards which have been made up in serum dialysates. Such standards are available in the form of the Versatols where the calcium has been dialyzed out and then weighed back. This is distinct from substances such as Validate, which are used as controls and which values are re-sults of analysis. The variability of serum composition has significantly widened what is now considered the "normal range" for serum Ca assay when done by atomic absorption (37a). 

Figure 19.11. Whey protein particulation under various temperature conditions and serum compositions (SSHE scraped surfece heat exchanger DD degree of denaturation) (Plock et al. 1997 Spiegel 1999).

Age has a notable effect on reference intervals typical changes in serum composition occurring with age are listed... 

Fever accelerates lipid metabolism. The serum concentrations of cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids, and the other lipids may decrease initially, but within a few days the free fatty acid concentration may increase. Fever is often associated with a respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation. This pH increase causes a reduction of the plasma phosphate concentration, with an increased excretion of phosphate and other electrolytes. Serum iron and zinc concentrations decline with accumulation of both elements in the liver. The copper concentration increases because of increased production of ceruloplasmin by the liver. Some representative changes in serum composition induced by fever are listed in Table 17-12. 

Q.15.1 What is the ionic strength of the serum component of blood What is the osmolarity of this component Normal Serum composition is Na 140 mil-liequivalents, K 4 milliequivalents, Cl 100 milliequivalents, HCOa 24 milliequivalents. 

During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by a third this elicits changes in the concentrations of many blood components (Hytten and Leicht, 1971 Young, 1979) lac-tating may also affect serum composition, as exemplified by chromium (Anderson et al., 1993). 

Empirical C34H48O7 2Na Properties Solid m.w. 614.80 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 2450 mg/kg, (IP, rat) 92 mg/kg, (IV, mouse) 198 mg/kg, (subcut., rat) 1515 mg/kg TDLo (oral, human, 6 wks) 120 mg/kg harmful if swallowed eye irritant may cause sodium and water retention, hypokalemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance may cause vascular changes, changes in potassium, urine composition, thymus wt., serum composition, pulse rate, respiratory depression, tremors, convulsions Hazardous Decomp. Prods. CO, CO2 emits toxic fumes underfire conditions Uses Surfactant in cosmetics Manuf./Distrib. Sigma... 

DETERMINATION OF ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD SERUM BY ICP AES... 

Universal anti-Rh sera deprived of anti-A or B-antibodies were prepared by contacting A and B-immunoadsorbents with human blood sera. To achieve zero titer in the Coombs agglutination test a portion of immunoadsorbent (80-160 mg) proportional to the initial serum titer (1 8-1 64, 1 ml) is required. The incorporation of A-immunoadsorbent into anti-B sera did not interfere with their titer and vice versa, Under the same circumstances an anti-Rh serum titer is lowered by one step or remains unchanged [125], Properties of this composite sorbent are therefore promising for its use in extracorporal hemisorption processes. 

Complement comprises a group of heat-labile serum proteins which, when activated, are associated with the destruction of bacteria in the body in a variety of ways. It is present in low concentrations in serum but, as its action is linked intimately with a second (specific) set of defence mechanisms, its composition and role will be dealt with later in the chapter. 

Okamoto T, Shiwaku K. 1994. Fatty acid composition in liver, serum, and brain of rat inhalated with trichloroethylene. Exp Toxicol Pathol 46 133-141. 

Oncley, J.L., Gurd, F.R.N. and Melin, M. (1950). Preparation and properties of serum and plasma proteins XXV. Composition and properties on human serum d-lipoprotein. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72, 458-464. 

Improved ISEs. In 1980, Ammann et al.154 reported on clinical and biological applications of liquid membrane electrodes based on an ion-selective component and a suitable plasticizer in a PVC matrix for the determination of Na +, K, Ca2, Cl and H + in blood serum or whole blood and Na+ and K4 in urine. They gave extensive information on membrane compositions and selectivity... 

The accumulated scientific evidence of the relationships between coffee, caffeine, and serum cholesterol allows for several conclusions to be drawn, while some important issues remain either equivocal or unaddressed. The links involve a number of factors, including the chemical composition of coffee beans, its preparation method, the amount of daily consumption, and specific characteristics of coffee drinkers. Coffee contains hundreds of chemical compounds, caffeine being perhaps the best recognized and studied. Although caffeine has several well-established... 

The fate of injected liposomes is drastically altered by administration route, dose and size, lipid composition, surface modification, and encapsulated drugs. Liposomes encapsulating drugs are often administered iv, therefore, the stability of liposomes in plasma is important. When liposomes composed of PC with unsaturated fatty acyl chains are incubated in the presence of serum, an efflux of internal solute from the liposomes is observed. This increase in permeability is caused by the transfer of phospholipids to high density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum (55). To reduce the efflux of liposomal contents, cholesterol is added as a liposomal component... 

Occluded applications Composition relatively invariant in use System size (area) predetermined Specific site prescribed for application Application technique highly reproducible Delivery is sustained Generally operate at unit drug activity, at least operate at steady activity Delivery is zero-order Serum levels related to product efficacy Bioequivalency based on pharmacokinetic (blood level) endpoint Unavoidable local tissue levels consequential only to system toxicity Individual dose interruptable Whole system removed when spent... 

Thus, cell adhesion is determined by nonspecifically adsorbed serum proteins on the surface. Therefore, it is important to consider the characteristics of adsorbed proteins including the amount, composition, and conformation or orientation. 

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