Serum dialysed

It must be pointed out that the atomic absorption system as used today, cannot accurately determine the calcium level of a solution. The reason for this is that results will vary depending upon the other elements present and the composition of the solution. Since it is impossible to duplicate every feature of the particular serum being analyzed, results have to be compared to standards which have been made up in serum dialysates. Such standards are available in the form of the Versatols where the calcium has been dialyzed out and then weighed back. This is distinct from substances such as Validate, which are used as controls and which values are re-sults of analysis. The variability of serum composition has significantly widened what is now considered the "normal range" for serum Ca assay when done by atomic absorption (37a). 

Constituent Whole serum Sephadexed serum Dialysed serum... 

Stevens, B.J., Biddle, N. and Gill, R.J. (1986) An Australian interlaboratory survey of measurement of aluminium in plasma serum, dialysate and water. In Taylor, A. (Edit). Aluminium and other Trace Elements in Renal Disease, Bailliere Tindall, London, p. 274. 

Serum free thyroxine (FT ) and free triiodothyronine (FT ) were directly measured by radioramunoassay in serum dialysates with normal ranges of 20-40 pg/ml and 4-8 pg/ml respectively. 

In PD, prewarmed dialysate is instilled into the peritoneal cavity where it dwells for a specified length of time (usually one to several hours, depending on the type of PD) to adequately clear metabolic waste products. At the end of the dwell time, the dialysate is drained and replaced with fresh dialysate. The continuous nature of PD provides for a more physiologic removal of waste products from the bloodstream, which mimics endogenous renal function by decreasing the fluctuations seen in serum concentrations of the waste products. Similarly, water is removed at a more constant rate, lessening the fluctuations in intravascular fluid balance and providing for more hemodynamic stability. 

The enzymes used by these workers were cholinesterase, prepared from horse serum, and horse-liver esterase. Parallel experiments were carried out with twice crystallized ovalbumin, and with an aged, dialysed specimen of horse serum with negligible esterase activity. 

The chilled azide solution is added slowly, dropwise with constant vigorous stirring into a solution of bovine-serum albumin. The pH is maintained at 8.0 to 8.7 by the careful addition of NaOH solution. The resulting pale-yellow solution is kept at 4°C for a duration of 36 hours and then dialysed against trimethamine buffer. After further dialysis for two days against distilled water, the immunogen is isolated by lyophilization. 

The resulting product (II) is subsequently coupled to bovine-serum-albumin in a glycerol-w ater mixture in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The mixture is incubated overnight at 4°C, and the protein-hapten complex is dialysed against distilled water thereby causing its purification. Conjugation of the respective barbiturate to the protein carrier, comparison of the barbiturate BGG-conjugate to control BGG-solution and preparation of 14C-pentobarbital sodium are carried out respectively. 

Dialysis Approximately half the normal mg/kg dose can be given after hemodialysis in peritoneal dialysis, a parenteral dose of 7.5 mg/kg is given, and then amikacin is instilled in peritoneal dialysate at a concentration desired in serum. 

Urea in kidney dialysate can be determined by immobilizing urease (via silylation or with glutaraldehyde as binder) on commercially available acid-base cellulose pads the process has to be modified slightly in order not to alter the dye contained in the pads [57]. The stopped-flow technique assures the required sensitivity for the enzymatic reaction, which takes 30-60 s. Synchronization of the peristaltic pumps PI and P2 in the valveless impulse-response flow injection manifold depicted in Fig. 5.19.B by means of a timer enables kinetic measurements [62]. Following a comprehensive study of the effect of hydrodynamic and (bio)chemical variables, the sensor was optimized for monitoring urea in real biological samples. A similar system was used for the determination of penicillin by penicillinase-catalysed hydrolysis. The enzyme was immobilized on acid-base cellulose strips via bovine serum albumin similarly as in enzyme electrodes [63], even though the above-described procedure would have been equally effective. 

Fig. 24.4. Study of the biosensor stability with biological sample. Arrows indicate where (i.e. biological sample) a solution obtained by dialysing a human serum with the microdialysis probe was flowed in the biosensor cell. At the beginning a perfusion solution and control solution (glucose 5 mmol l-1) were used instead of the serum to test the biosensor response. Control solution of glucose was also used during and at the end of the experiment to evaluate the stability of the biosensor. Continuous flow mode 10 pi min-1). Applied potential —50 mV vs. int. ref. Reprinted from Ref. [59] with permission from Elsevier.

Dialyse the serum, or preferably, the immunoglobulin-containing fraction resulting from one of the precipitation techniques described earlier, against at least two changes of a 20- to 50-fold excess of 0.05 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5. 

Plate 7.5 X 105CHO cells into 5 cm dishes in Eagle s MEM lacking isoleucine and containing 5% dialysed foetal calf serum. 

The 17 patients who survived the dialysis with contaminated dialysate were significantly younger than those who died (Table 1) and the average body weight in the non-survivors was almost 30 kg below that of the survivors [17], Diabetes mellitus was more frequent in the non-survivors than in the survivors (60 vs. 16%, P — 0.11), as was the proportion being anuric (80 vs. 47%, P — 0.12). Survivors tended to have higher serum PTH concentrations (survivors, 308 84 pg/mL non-survivors, 125 55 pg/mL, normal, 11 to 62 pg/mL). Shortly after the intoxication, the mean corpuscular volume in the patients was low (70.25 6.22, normal 81-99 fL) in seventeen patients. 

Especially in Al bone disease hypercalcemia, suppressed PTH levels, and normal or slightly elevated alkaline phosphates have been reported. Hypercalcemia may develop in some hemodialysis patients with acute Al encephalopathy when they are also exposed to oral calcium and vitamin D preparations in combination with the available calcium from the dialysate [17], It is not known whether PTH levels and serum alkaline levels change during acute Al encephalopathy. 

Each sheep initially received 5 mg of protein in multiple injections at intervals of 5 weeks until a serum with a satisfactory precipitating potency was obtained. Generally, 2 booster injections were sufficient and blood was withdrawn 15 days after the last booster. The serum was purified by precipitation of the immunoglobulins with half a volume of a saturated ammonium sulfate solution and then dialysed for 4 days against a 0.9 % sodium chloride solution which was replaced every day. It was stored at -30 °C. 

A middle-aged alcoholic ingested about 30 ml of carbon tetrachloride under the impression that it was alcohol. He was seriously ill but recovered. On his admission to hospital the serum concentration of carbon tetrachloride was 20 pg/ml. The first 24-hour urine collection contained 8 pg/ml and the first peritoneal dialysate contained 1 pg/ml of carbon tetrachloride (S. L. Tompsett, personal communication, 1967). The following postmortem tissue concentrations were reported in a fatality due to the inhalation of carbon tetrachloride kidney 32 pg/g, liver 142 pg/g, lung 39 pg/g, muscle 46 pg/g (H. D. Korenke and O. Pribilla, Arch. Tox., 1969,25, 109-126). 

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography has been used by Veening and co-workers (K22, S18) to monitor dialysate, serum, and urine from patients on artificial kidney machines. They report that RPLC is a reliable method for monitoring blood composition during dialysis. 

Dialyser hypersensitivity syndrome (SEDA-11, 219) (SEDA-11, 479) presents as an acute anaphylactic reaction, the symptoms of which range from mild to hfe-threatening. The cause of the syndrome is unknown, but affected patients appear to have a high incidence of positive radioabsorbent tests to a conjugate of human serum albumin and ethylene oxide used to sterilize artificial kidneys. This conjugate may be the allergen responsible. 

Four cases of acute renal insufficiency have been described in men aged 20-42 years who received mannitol 1172 (sd 439) g over 58 (sd 28) hours (7). The onset of acute renal insufficiency was detected 48 (sd 22) hours after the start of infusion. All the patients had dilutional hyponatremia (average 120 mmol/1) and serum hyper-osmolarity (osmolar gap 70 mosm/kg water). In the three anuric cases, in which hemodialysis was performed, there was immediate recovery of diuresis. This emphasizes the risk of renal insufficiency with mannitol and stresses the importance of early hemodialysis. Mannitol is dialysable and once its suppressive effect on renal perfusion is eliminated functional recovery is prompt. 

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