Sequential product

The value of production attributable to a particular establishment may be adjusted by subtracting the value of products obtained from other establishments within the same facility that are incorporated into its final products. This procedure eliminates the potential for double counting" production in situations where establishments are engaged In sequential production activities at a single facility. 

The final option shown in Figure 14.16d is to use intermediate storage for the limiting step. Material from Step A is sent to storage, from which Step B draws its feed. Material is still passed directly from Step B to Step C. Now all three steps are fully utilized. For the same rate of production over a period of time, the size of Step A can in principle be half that relative to the sequential production in Figure 14.16a and the sizes of Steps B and C can in principle be one-quarter those for sequential production. However, this is at the cost of introducing intermediate storage. 

Figure 14.17 shows a process that produces two products, Product 1 and 2, in a flowshop process. Figure 14.17a shows a production cycle involving a sequential production schedule. Production alternates between Product 1 and Product 2. The cycle time to produce a batch each of Product 1 and 2 is 30 h. 

Is there any other approach or concept that can directly measure protein amount in the tissue section Ten years ago, Roth et al.38 documented a novel method, named the Midwestern assay. This method is based on using two chromogens, soluble and insoluble, for the IHC staining process, to produce sequential production of soluble and insoluble reaction products. The soluble IHC product is used to measure the amount of antigen (protein) by spectrophotometry, while insoluble product indicates the localization of protein in the tissue section. Their experimental results demonstrated that soluble reac-... 

The MS analysis using ESI was applied for the determination of an unknown surfactant compound contained in an extract of a shampoo formulation [44]. MS leading to sequential product ions helped to identify the constituents. The MS4 experiments together with other spectral observations confirmed the hypothesis that the unknown compound was a N-( 2-aminoethyl) fatty acid amide with the general formula R-C(0)-NH(CH2-CH2-N)R/R,/. An authentic sample of the proposed laury ampho mono acetate (LAMA) (R = -CH2-CH2-OH and R" = -CH2-CH2-COOH) that was available led to the same [M + H]+ parent ion at m/z 345. The fragmentation that could be observed under ESI-FIA-MS-MS(+) conditions resulted in an intensive examination of amide surfactants. However, only two of them—lauryl diethanol amide ([M + H]+ m/z 288), a non-ionic surfactant and laurylamido-(3-propyl betaine ([M + H]+ m/z 343)—... 

A solution of 0.44 g 3-hydroxy-4,5-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde in 10 mL dry acetone was treated with 0.5 g methyl iodide and 0.5 g powdered anhydrous KjCOj, and was held at reflux for 6 h. All volatiles were stripped under vacuum, the residue dissolved in water, made strongly basic with NaOH, and extracted with 3x50 mL CH2C12. Removal of the solvent gave myristicinaldehyde (mp 133-134 °C) which, on recrystallization from hexane, gave a final yield of 0.42 g with a mp of 134-135 °C. Care must be taken with two sequential products that have identical mps. Amixed mp with the unmethylated phenol above is strong depressed, whereas that with an authentic sample is not. 

The remaining question is how to select this reference patch. One method would be to compute the sequential products of the ratios for randomly selected points of the input image. Next, the patch with the highest sequential product is chosen. This patch becomes the reference patch from which all random paths start. Land and McCann reject this possibility on the grounds that this solution is biologically not plausible. They settled on a method that does not require a scanning step that selects the area of highest reflectance. 

Detectors that straddle a boundary between two rectangles compute a ratio that is different from 1.0. The computed sequential product is shown at the bottom of Figure 7.4. This sequential product becomes larger than 1.0 at the detector that is located between the... 

Figure 7.4 Computation of the sequential product along a path on the Mondrian. The rectangles of the Mondrian are symbolized at the top. The reflectance is shown in percent inside each rectangle. Pairs of detectors are spread along the path. These pairs of detectors are used to compute the ratio of the measured luminance. A ratio of 1.0 is assumed for the beginning of the path. Whenever this ratio becomes larger than 1.0, it is reset to 1.0. After the rectangle with a reflectance of 1.0 is passed, the sequential product outputs the reflectance of the rectangle (Reproduced from Land EH and McCann JJ 1971 Lightness and retinex theory. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61(1), 1-11 by permission from The Optical Society of America.)...

For an electronic realization of their system, Land and McCann suggest using logarithmic receptors. If logarithmic receptors are used, then the sequential product turns into a sum. Let log aj be the measured data from the j-th receptor of color band i with i e r, g, h) along the path. Then the ratio between two adjacent receptors can be computed using a simple subtraction. 

Also, the sequential product of the ratios can be computed by a simple summation of the logarithmic ratios. 

If the sequential product gets larger than zero it is reset to zero. Exponentiation can be used to obtain the reflectances along the path. 

The prediction of ab initio calculation on the ring expansion of TFIF, promoted by acylium ions, was confirmed by sequential product ion mass spectra collected after collision-induced dissociation (CID), which showed that tetrahydropyran failed to undergo six- to eight-membered ring expansion in reaction with [(Me)2N-C+=S] since its adduct (most likely the simple O-acylated ion) dissociated to regenerate exclusively the reactant ion [(Me)2N-C+=S] <2000CEJ897>. 

The complex structure and seasonal dynamics of herbaceous macrophyte communities make it difficult to estimate their total annual contribution to floodplain lake production. Annual production estimates must incorporate the cumulative, sequential production of terrestrial, semiaquatic and aquatic plant communities and the spatial and temporal variation in their distributions. To date all measurements of macrophyte production have been made in a limited area on the central Amazon floodplain near Manaus. Only a few of these estimates have included contributions of more than one species. Junk and Piedade (1993) estimated the cumulative biomass increase of three successive macrophyte communities (terrestrial, semiaquatic, and aquatic) growing under... 

The precise sequence of reactions by which cobyrinic acid (75) elaborated to cobinamide (81) and thence to vitamin B12 (64) are not known with certainty. The most probable order, suggested on the basis of the sequential production of variously amidated derivatives of cobyrinic acid by cells of P. shermanii grown in the absence of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, is initiated by the amidation of the / -ring acetate carboxyl (c in Scheme 29) followed by introduction of the (R )-l-aminopropan-2-ol residue and sequential amidation of the remaining six carboxyl groups to give cobinamide (81) (66MI10400). 

In this process, gasification is carried out in the presence of hydrogen. Most of the research on hydrogasification has targeted methane as the final product. One approach involves the sequential production of synthesis gas and then methanation of the carbon monoxide with hydrogen to yield methane. Another route involves the direct reaction of the feed with hydrogen (Feldmann et al,... 

A second type of MS instrument capable of performing a product ion scanning experiment is the ion trap mass spectrometer. The difference between this instrument and the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer is the ion trap is capable of performing numerous sequential product ion experiments on the same compound. For example, a potential metabolite is dissociated into several characteristic fragment ions in the first stage of MS/MS. Then, one of these fragment ions can be further dissociated into smaller ions. This is a second stage of MS/MS known as MS. This process can continue until the site of meta-... 

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