Economic bases

As discussed in Section 13.2, the technical, fiscal and economic data gathered to construct a project cashflow carry uncertainty. An economic base case is constructed using, for example, the most likely values of production profile and the 50/50 cost estimates, along with the best estimate of future oil prices and the anticipated production agreement and fiscal system. 

This book is extremely important in my view because it gives a forum to the voices and tells the stories of a new invisible minority who are casualties of our chemical-dependent economic base. Dr. Michael Tax, a specialist in occupational medicine, rightly insists that MCS is a product of industrial capitalism and cannot be understood independently of it. 

Forbes, F. T. Marlin and J. MacGregor. Model Selection Criteria for Economics-Based Optimizing Control. Comput Chem Eng 18 497-510 (1994). 

B.4 Predicting Revenues in an Economic-Based Objective Function.614... 

B.4 PREDICTING REVENUES IN AN ECONOMIC-BASED OBJECTIVE FUNCTION... 

B. l Capital Costs / B.2 Operating Costs / B. 3 Taking Account of Inflation / B.4 Predicting Revenues in an Economic-Based Objective Function / B.5 Project Evaluation / References... 

The central point to note, however, is that without patent protection the pharmaceutical industry as we know it could not long survive, because imitators could always quickly destroy its economic base. It would, of course, deprive the world of the highly valuable contribution that the research-based pharmaceutical industry makes to human well-being. 

This significant difference in projected feedstock price is key to a large raw material economic advantage for butadiene oxycarbonylation technology. Recent softening of worldwide oil prices has resulted in 0.85 per gallon benzene and 0.26 per pound butadiene. Butadiene oxycarbonylation economics based on these feedstock prices are less attractive. It may be well into the year 2000 before decreased oil reserves make a synthesis gas route to adipic acid economically attractive. 

The concept of consumption society economics based on unlimited consumption clearly cannot work because of the unavoidable environmental consequences. Realization of such a concept would break economical, ecological, and social limitations (thresholds). The main conclusion is that there is no hope for the consumption society. 

The study evaluates the three hydrogen production technologies and processes - S-I, HyS and HTSE - on consistent technical and economic bases. This would be the first such systematic comparison. 

Best current projections for the proposed plant show a capital investment on the order of 1.0 billion in 1979 dollars. Economics based on this estimate will result in a rate of return far short of the hurdle rate required for total private investment. However, since a plant can not be on stream before 1985, the key question is the probability of coal liquefaction becoming commercially viable in the late 1980fs. This is entirely possible under certain conditions such as the following ... 

Example 1 A new heat exchanger is required and the lifetime of a carbon steel exchanger is 5 yr with a cost of 9500. The 316 stainless steel heat exchanger with a lifetime of 15 yr costs 26500, which can be written off in 11 yr. Assuming the minimum acceptable rate of 10%, tax rate of 48% and a straight-line depreciation, determine which unit is more economical based on annual costs. Using the equations... 

Economics Based on a 300,000-mtpy cumene plant located in the US Gulf Coast, the ISBL investment is about US 15 million. 

Economics Based on process modifications, an existing DMT plant can increase production with an investment of 200 to 600/tpy of additional capacity. A new plant will have an investment reduction of about 20% equipment cost. Raw material consumption per ton of product (with the complete modification) is 605 tons of paraxylene and 360 tons of methanol. 

Economics Based on a 1 million metric tpy naphtha steam cracker producing a 620,000 tpy pygas stream, ISBL Gulf Coast location in 2004 ... 

Economics Based on a 90,000-tpy battery limits plant, W. Europe,... 

Economics Based on a 100,000-tpy cumene plant located in the U.S. Gulf Coast, the inside-battery-limits investment is ... 

Economics Based on a world-scale plant (500,000-tpa cumene production) ... 

Economics Based on a 300,000-tpy propylene plant, U.S. Gulf Coast, mid-2000 (assuming 86% n-butenes in feedstream). 

Most countries operate with statutory state compensation schemes, which companies may need to supplement with other private-based insurances both usually include economic-based incentive systems to improve chemical safety40 [233]. Environmental and product liability generally establish when civil action can be successfully taken against a company or an individual [234]. If a company is in compliance with the law, it is possible that civil action becomes directed towards the regulator in the form of judicial review for... 

Likely trends in alkylation capacity are almost impossible to predict. The entry of federal and local governments into the control of more and more aspects of industry, especially the petroleum refining industry, is alarming and renders decision-making on technical and economic bases virtually meaningless. The pell-mell rush to "control" has prompted grave misgivings in every sector of society. It is stated in one... 

According to the usual Marxist view, the state is part of the superstructure and as such is dependent on the economic structure. G. A. Cohen argues, convincingly, that this is to beg central questions. Rather it is the other way around the state depends on the economic structure, and for that reason (and to that extent) is part of the superstructure. This allows us more precisely than the first formulation to identify the empirical issue at stake, namely whether the state does in fact depend on the economic base. Instead of the ambiguous phrase "depends on the economic base", Cohen more precisely writes "is explained by the nature of the economic structure". This would suggest the following definition the state is part of the superstructure to the extent that it can be expbined by the economic structure. Later in his book Cohen proposes a more narrow definition, according to which only functional explanation can provide... 

This analysis employs uniform design and economic bases. 

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