Terrorism 9/11 attack

USAMRIID also cites epidemiologic clues of a biological warfare of terrorism attack as follows ... 

Caution Avoid drinking unpasteurized milk products and practice good veterinary vaccination practices to avoid natural forms of brucellosis. In a terrorism attack with aerosol, livestock could possibly become contaminated. If this occurs, animal products should be pasteurized, boiled, or thoroughly cooked prior to eating. Water would have to be treated by boiling or iodination after any intentional contamination with brucella aerosols. 

The response to chemical and biological warfare weapons, terrorism attacks, and even influenza mini-epidemics can require an immense number of federal/state/ county/city/private workers and medical personnel ranging from physicians to registered nurses to emergency medical technicians and paramedics. As an example, the writer has actually seen an incident where thirty-one agencies from all levels of... 

Congress passed the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 as part of the Homeland Security Act, in response to the terrorism attacks of 11 September, 2001. The new law contains several provisions that are designed to strengthen the public health system generally and the availability of drugs, biological products and medical devices for countering bioterrorism, in particular. 

High centralization and high concentration of energy and energy flows leads to multiple losses in case of man-caused and natural catastrophes, terror attacks ... 

Figure 2-58. Artistic representation of a sphere in front of the World Trade Center in New York City, which was also destroyed in the terror attack on September 11, 2001 (photograph by the authors).

Second, 4 years after 9/11 a majority of Americans (59% before and 53% after Katrina) believed that they were prepared for a natural disaster in their own communities but only about one-third (36% before and 35% after Katrina) said they were prepared for a terror attack in their community. 

Third, the American people s confidence in the U.S. government s preparedness to deal with future terrorist attacks was significantly weakened by the flaws in the disaster responses by federal, state, and local governments before, during, and after Hurricane Katrina made landfall. Thus, whereas in July 2005, before the hurricane disaster, 39% of the public believed that the United States was not very prepared or not prepared at all to deal with future terror attacks, 3 months later and after the Katrina experience, 55% thought so. 

A] biological terrorism attack will first be recognized when cases of unusual disease or inexplicable symptoms start to appear in doctor s offices, emergency rooms, intensive care units, whatever, and I think that we need to also recognize that in this context, the first responders will be people that have historically not been part of our first responder networks, in terms of training or support for the tools necessary to serve in the role of first responder. (Hamburg, 2002)... 

A CST is a federally funded National Guard unit established under Presidential Decision Directive 39.9 Under current plans, each state will have at least one CST more than half of these teams have been certified to date. The mission of a CST is to augment local and regional responders to terrorism attacks in events known or suspected to involve weapons of mass destruction when the local and regional responders need the added and/or specialized skills of the CST. Each CST has about 23 members, all of whom are individually selected and highly cross-trained in multiple specialties. CST capabilities include these ... 

A more elaborate and deadly attack, this time a chemical terrorism attack by members of the Aum Shinrikyo, a Japanese apocalyptic cult, was carried out in the Tokyo subway system in March 1995 (Olson 1999). It was suspected by international intelligence agencies that Aum Shinrikyo was working to develop biological and chemical weapons, but not until they killed 12 and severely injured thousands more by releasing sarin gas were they taken seriously. 

In the United States a more recent biological terrorism attack occurred in 2001 when letters laced with infectious anthrax were delivered to news media offices and the US Congress. The letters killed five people . While many believed this attack to be in relation to Iraq s development of biological weapons, the anthrax strand used seemed to indicated a domestic source. 

This publication represents the result of the fruitful workshop organised with the aim to attract the attention on the possibility of bio terrorism attack, with the support of NATO funds. In the last years the attention was strongly concentrated on the terrorism view similar to military type attacks bomb on the trains, kamikazes, airplanes etc. As consequence many devices studied are directed to prevent these attacks such as the control of the passengers before the flight. 

At the St. Luke s International Hospital, one of three cardiopulmonary arrest victims and two respiratory arrest patients recovered fully and have been socially rehabilitated. This is important and shows that triage in cases of chemical terrorism must be different from that used in large-scale natural disasters. In the latter case, if respiration does not resume after establishing an airway, then trauma victims are generally labeled with a black tag and not treated further (Hodgetts and Porter, 2004). However, in a chemical terrorism attack caused by a nerve agent, medical care should be actively provided to patients with cardiopulmonary or respiratory arrest recovery by such patients is clearly possible. 

Furthermore, the extreme, objective complexity of implementing bioterrorism-defense measures aroused, unavoidably, critics saying that despite substantial funding on bioterrorism defenses since the Sept. 11 terror attacks, the country remains substantially unprepared for a mass-casualty bioterrorism attack [330]. A variety of concrete steps and moves has been conducted, however, as follows. 

---