Vaccine-induced antibodies

Blood samples for the determination of vaccine-induced antibodies are collected from the mothers of both subgroups at termination. Samples are also taken from fetuses in the caesarean subgroup and from pups at about 5 weeks of age for rabbits and 3 weeks of age for rodents in the postnatal subgroup (see Note 7). 

Like patients with breast carcinoma, those with ovarian cancer may benefit from treatment with Herceptin in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. Herceptin treatment is effective, in both early and advanced stages of ovarian cancer (when the majority of tumor cells express HER-2 protein), for eliminating the potentially more malignant HER-2-positive tumor cells. The effectiveness of Herceptin is based on the affinity of this monoclonal antibody for the extracellular domain of HER-2, which is common as ovarian carcinomas progress. However, a tumor vaccine inducing antibody and/or T-cell immunity to HER-2 epitopes will ultimately provide the most effective means to prevent the emergence of HER-2-positive cells. 

Rabies immunoglobulin does not interfere with vaccine-induced antibody formation. Its use is not recommended beyond 8 days after initiation of the vaccine series nor in persons previously immunized to rabies. 

J. G. Joyce, I. J. Krauss, H. C. Song, D. W. Opalka, K. M. Grimm, D. D. Nahas, M. T. Esser, R. Hrin, M. Feng, V. Y. Dudkin, M. Chastain, J. W. Shiver, et al., An oligosaccharide-based HIV-1 2G12 mimotope vaccine induces carbohydrate-specific antibodies that fail to neutralize HIV-1 virions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105 (2008) 15684-15689. 

The influenza vaccine induces the production of antibodies. These antibodies block the attachment of H5N1 virus to the human respiratory epithelial cells. 

As is documented in Table 2, the induction of anti-carbohydrate immune responses has been successfully demonstrated for many peptides. However, certain challenges remain. Often, the induced antibody titer (concentration) directed against the carbohydrate is rather weak, especially in comparison to the anti-peptide response the majority of antibodies recognize the peptide presumably in a nonmimetic conformation. Several recent studies have investigated these immime responses in more detail, with an extensive analysis of antibody isotypes and adjuvant effects [70,75], the effect of different protein carriers [194], the use of DNA vaccines [48,195], and the demonstration of protection by passive immunization [72,75,194]. In several cases, the anti-carbohydrate immune response has also been shown to be protective against infection in mice [30,72,75,78], and these cases are probably the most promising for the development of vaccines. 

Preventative vaccines are increasingly used during pregnancy, with the intention of protecting the newborn baby from infectious disease, such as influenza, via conferred immunity from the mother (1). To date, no causal relationships have been demonstrated for adverse effects on pregnancy with any approved vaccine. However, potential mechanisms have been suggested by which an induced immune response could interfere with prenatal development. A nonspecific disturbance of the resting balance between the innate and humoral activities of the immune system, for instance, could result in abortion (2). Otherwise, the induced antibodies may have the potential to disturb normal development due to a specific... 

Vaccination before mating to ensure gestational exposure to induced antibodies No treatment before mating for embryotoxicity study... 

Published studies of this type (3) have shown that acceptable prenatal exposure to the induced antibodies may be obtained in rodents for some vaccines, even though the rabbit shows a consistently higher degree of prenatal exposure. 

The same name is also being used for some vaccines that differ in potency. As shown in Table 1.4, the two approved vaccines against hepatitis B, Recombivax HB and Engerix-B, both known as Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant), when used as directed, are therapeutically equivalent in terms of their ability to induce antibodies that protect vaccinated individuals from hepatitis B virus infection. However, the dose and volume required to produce a satisfactory immune response are different for each product and for each age group. 

Hoffmann, K.F., James, S.L., Cheever, A.W. and Wynn, T.A. (1999) Studies with double cytokine-deficient mice reveal that highly polarized Th1 - and Th2-type cytokine and antibody responses contribute equally to vaccine-induced immunity to Schistosoma mansoni. The Journal of Immunology 1 63, 927-938. 

Dadley-Moore, D.L., Lightowlers, M.W., Rothel, J.S. and Jackson, D.C. (1999b) Synthetic peptide antigens induce antibodies to Taenia ovis oncospheres. Vaccine 17, 1506-1515. 

Woollard, D.J., Gauci, C.G. and Lightowlers, M.W. (2000a) Synthetic peptides induce antibody against a host-protective antigen of Echinococcus granulosus. Vaccine 18, 785-794. 

The antigenicity, rather than the immunogenicity, should drive the research and development of new VLP-based vaccines and thus antibody reactivity tests should be performed as early in the process as possible. For example, a porcine parvovirus vaccine is composed of a single viral protein (VP2), which represents 95% of the native virus total protein and is able do induce antibody production in immunized animals (Rueda et al., 1999). In contrast, the human parvovirus B19 contains the exact same proportion of VP2 in the native virus but VLPs made solely of VP2 are unable to induce neutralizing antibodies (Brown et al., 1991 Tsao et al., 1996). In this case even a VLP containing VP1 and VP2 at a ratio of 1 24, respectively, which is very similar to that of the native virus, was not... 

Several clinical studies have been conducted with oral influenza vaccines (Avtushenko et al. 1996 Lazzell et al. 1984). These include water in oil emulsion form of inactivated virus vaccine and an enteric-coated killed virus vaccine. Although these vaccines induced IgA responses, there were inadequate levels of virus-neutralizing IgG antibodies in the serum to fulfil regulatory requirements for vaccine immunogenicity. This warrants refinement and further development of these types of vaccines. 

It has been possible to produce vaccines to use for immunization against certain bacterial infections and other human diseases. Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide in combination with a carrier protein has been used to prepare monovalent vaccines specific for S. aureus [86], The vaccine was administered to groups of healthy adults and to patients with end-stage renal disease. The antibodies are directed at the polysaccharide moiety of the glycoconjugate. The data of this study show that conjugate-induced antibodies to S. aureus can provide partial protection against S. aureus bacteremia, Fig. (45). 

Bennett, J.V., Fernandez de Castro, J., Valdespino-Gomez, J.L.,et al. (2002), Aerosolized measles and measles-rubella vaccines induce better measles antibody booster responses than injected vaccines Randomized trials in Mexican schoolchildren, Bull. World Health Organ., 80, 806-812. 

Immunological techniques (vaccines), to induce antibodies to pituitary gonadotrophins, sperm. 

Virus RNA is infectious. HAV multiplies within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Approximately 2 to 3 weeks after infection, the viruses appear in the stool, but disappear after 4 to 5 weeks, thereby terminating the infec-tivity. As of the 4 week, HAV antibodies (anti-HAV) of the IgM and IgG type appear in the serum as serological markers, (s. fig. 5.5) Acute hepatitis A has a high IgM titre, whereas an infection occurring several months earlier can be recognized by a high IgG titre. Once the infection has been overcome, the elevated IgG titre remains for life. Immunity is permanent. Renewed rises in titre (= booster effect) are possible after reeurrent HAV contacts. The HAV vaccine induces equal IgM and IgG immune responses. By means of quantitative determination of the total anti-HAV, it is possible, for example, to differentiate between passive immunization and (acute or past) HAV infection. HAV RNA can be detected with the help of hybridization tests, and HAV with the help of PCR. (101, 109, 119) (see chapter 22.3 )... 

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