Utilisation

Suwalski L., Kucharski Z., Lukasik M., Luty W. Utilised of Mossbauer spectroscopy for measuring residual austenite in bearing steel MOC IMP No 67, 1985,... 

However acoustic emission technique utilisation for contact fiitigue observation requires solution of numerous problems, among which belong e.g. ... 

The contribution wws elaborated in frame of complex program of the GA CR No. 101/96/K264 - Limit states of construction materials with utilisation of non-standard test methods. 

MAZAL,P.-DVOftACEK,J.- KOLAft,D. AET Utilisation for Pitting Observation of Grey Cast Iron with Heat Treated Sur ce. Surface Modif. Technologies XI, will be published 1998. 

D. CHAUVEAU, Introduction a I imagerie ultrasonore. Les differents types de visualisation utilises, Soudage et techniques connexes, Mai / Juin 93, Volume. 47-n 5/6-Paris. 

Etude et realisation de sondes pour la caracterisation non destructive par courants de Foucault de couches de cementation des aciers. Les proprietes electromagnetiques des aciers dependent de leur composition, de leurs microstructures et des contraintes appliquees. II est done naturel d essayer d utiliser les parametres electriques et magnetiques des aciers pour evaluer leur microstructure. 

Through the use of lab tests implemented by the pulp and paper companies in the United States and Canada it was determined that all but one manual technique were both unrepeatable and inaccurate. During some years ago the operators of black liquor recovery boilers have been able to take advantage of the latest teehnology to inspect the wall thickness of the near drum generator tubes. The technology utilises immersion ultrasound and automated computer... 

Pleskov Y V 1994 Semioonduotor photoeleotroohemistry for a oleaner environment utilisation of solar energy Environmental Oriented Eleotroohemistry (Studies in Environmental Soienoe 59) ed C A C Sequeira (Amsterdam Elsevier)... 

Gires F and Tournois P 1964 Interferometre utilisable pour la compression d impulsions lumineuses modulees en frequence Compte Rendue Acad. Sc/. Paris 258 6112-15... 

As we shall see later, the limitations imposed by most solvents may prevent us from being able to utilise the very strong basic characteristics of some anions. However, at this point it is more useful to consider other factors affecting the strengths of acids. 

Boron trioxide is not particularly soluble in water but it slowly dissolves to form both dioxo(HB02)(meta) and trioxo(H3B03) (ortho) boric acids. It is a dimorphous oxide and exists as either a glassy or a crystalline solid. Boron trioxide is an acidic oxide and combines with metal oxides and hydroxides to form borates, some of which have characteristic colours—a fact utilised in analysis as the "borax bead test , cf alumina p. 150. Boric acid. H3BO3. properly called trioxoboric acid, may be prepared by adding excess hydrochloric or sulphuric acid to a hot saturated solution of borax, sodium heptaoxotetraborate, Na2B407, when the only moderately soluble boric acid separates as white flaky crystals on cooling. Boric acid is a very weak monobasic acid it is, in fact, a Lewis acid since its acidity is due to an initial acceptance of a lone pair of electrons from water rather than direct proton donation as in the case of Lowry-Bronsted acids, i.e. 

This reaction is an undesirable side reaction in the manufacture of hydrogen but utilised as a means of removing traces of carbon monoxide left at the end of the second stage reaction. The gases are passed over a nickel catalyst at 450 K when traces of carbon monoxide form methane. (Methane does not poison the catalyst in the Haber process -carbon monoxide Joes.)... 

C, E E Hodgkin and Richards W G 1993. The Utilisation of Gaussian Functions for the Rapid nation of Molecular Similarity. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Science 32 188-192. C and I D Kuntz 1995, Investigating the Extension of Pairwise Distance Pharmacophore sures to Triplet-based Descriptors, Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 9 373-379. 

A mixture can often be separated into its components by utilising their selective adsorption from solution by a suitable substance, such as active alumina the separation can be readily followed if the components are coloured. 

For very small quantities, ion exchange processes may be utilised (p. 55) even with water-soluble neutral substances. 

Using different types of time-stepping techniques Zienkiewicz and Wu (1991) showed that equation set (3.5) generates naturally stable schemes for incompressible flows. This resolves the problem of mixed interpolation in the U-V-P formulations and schemes that utilise equal order shape functions for pressure and velocity components can be developed. Steady-state solutions are also obtainable from this scheme using iteration cycles. This may, however, increase computational cost of the solutions in comparison to direct simulation of steady-state problems. 

For solids which melt above 100° and are stable at this temperature, drying may be carried out in a steam oven. The crystals from the Buchner funnel should then be placed on a clock glass or in an open dish. The substance may sometimes be dried in the Buchner funnel itself by utilising the device illustrated in Fig. 77, <33, 1. An ordinary Pyrex funnel is inverted over the Buchner funnel and the neck of the funnel heated by means of a broad flame (alternatively, the funnel may be heated by a closely-fltting electric heating mantle) if gentle suction is applied to the Alter flask, hot (or warm) air will pass over the crystalline solid. 

Dimethyl sulphate is of particular value for the methylation of phenols and sugars. The phenol is dissolved in a slight excess of sodium hydroxide solution, the theoretical quantity of dimethyl sulphate is added, and the mixture is heated on a water bath and shaken or stirred mechanically (compare Section IV, 104). Under these conditions only one of the methyl groups is utilised the methyl hydrogen sulphate formed in the reaction reacts with the alkali present. -... 

An alternative method for isolating the n-butyl ether utilises the fact that n-butyl alcohol is soluble in saturated calcium chloride solution whilst n-butyl ether is slightly soluble. Cool the reaction mixture in ice and transfer to a separatory fimnel. Wash cautiously with 100 ml. of 2-5-3N sodium hydroxide solution the washings should be alkaline to litmus. Then wash with 30 ml. of water, followed by 30 ml. of saturated calcium chloride solution. Dry with 2-3 g. of anhydrous calcium chloride, filter and distil. Collect the di-n-butyl ether at 139-142°. The yield is 20 g. 

This separation utilises the fact that n-butyl alcohol is soluble in 50 per cent, sulphuric acid by weight, whilst n-butyl ether is only slightly soluble. 

The gas is dried by passage through wash bottles containing concentrated sulphuric acid. Alternatively and more simply, the technique (described below for n.valeric acid) utilising solid carbon dioxide (Dry Ice or Drikold) may be employed. 

Urea oxalate is also sparingly soluble in amyl alcohol and since urea is soluble in this alcohol, the property may be utilised in separating urea from mixtures. An aqueous extract of the mixture is rendered slightly alkaline with sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with ether this removes all the basic components, but not urea. The residual aqueous solution is extracted with amyl alcohol (to remove the urea) upon adding this extract to a solution of oxalic acid in amyl alcohol crystalline urea oxalate is precipitated. 

The reversibility of the Bucherer reaction is utilised in the preparation of 2-p-tolylamino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-T-3ulphonic acid (II) from 2-amino-... 

I) The steam distillation may be omitted, if desired, by utilising the following method of purihcation. Allow the reaction mixture to cool, decant the aqueous layer and dissolve the residue in about 150 ml. of benzene. Wash the benzene solution with water, I per cent, sodium hydroxide solution, and finally with water dry with anhydrous magnesium sulphate, distil oft the benzene on a water bath, and distil the residue under diminished pressure. 

No cresol is obtained if sodium hydroxide alone is used, presumably because the fused sodium hydroxide has no solvent action upon the sodium p-toluene-sulphonate. Potassium hydroxide alone gives excellent results, as do also mixtures of Sodium and potassium hydroxide containing not less than 28 per cent, of potassium hydroxide. The experimental details utilise the minimum amount of potassium hydroxide for the salce of economy. 

An alternative apparatus for conducting the preparation by both methods utilises a two-way adapter as in Fig. II, 13, 9. The preparation may be carried out more conveniently in a three-necked flask provided with a mechanical stirrer full details are given below under p-methylacetophenone. 

The reagent Is expensive and poisonous, consequently the hydroxylation procedure is employed only for the conversion of rare or expensive alkenes (e.g., in the steroid field) into the glycols. Another method for hydroxylation utilises catalytic amounts of osmium tetroxide rather than the stoichiometric quantity the reagent is hydrogen peroxide in tert.-butyl alcohol This reagent converts, for example, cyc/ohexene into cis 1 2- t/ohexanedlol. 

The mechanism of the reaction la not known with certainty. It is known from studies utilising as tracer that no change in the carbon skeleton occurs during the reaction, and also that unsaturated hydrocarbons can undergo reactions very similar to those of ketones thus both styiene and phenyl-acetylene can react with sulphur and morpholine to produce phenylaceto-thiomorphoUde, hydrolysis of which yields phenylacetic acid ... 

An excellent synthesis of myristic acid is thus achieved from readily accessible starting materials. An alternative synthesis of myristic acid utilises hexanoic acid (M-caproic acid n-hexoic acid) (X) (2 mols) and methyl hydrogen sebacate (XI) (1 mol) the products, after hydrolysis, are Ji-decane (XII), myristic acid (XIII) and hexadecane-1 16-dlcarboxylic acid (XIV) ... 

By employing a shghtly modified funnel, the glass nail can be utilised, in conjunction with a drying p. tube packed with desiccant, for drying the product... 

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