Energy utilisation

In whole body calorimetry it is generally assumed that the measured gas and heat exchange are solely due to the subject s body. Its intestine however contains huge numbers of bacteria. Their metabolism is included in the results of calorimetric measurements. In some situations it may be of interest to characterise the metabolism of this intestinal microflora too. 

As a third area of application, energy metabolism of a subject is very important to characterise the physiological and psychological status of that subject. This connection can be used not only in medicine but to monitor the behaviour of a subject or behavioural changes due to the influence of stress or different drugs. 

---

E. G. Kovach (ed.). Technology of Efficient Energy Utilisation, NATO Science Committee, Brussells, 1973. 

For a gas turbine operating as a combined heat and power plant, the energy utilisation factor (EUF) is a better criterion of performance than the thermal efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of work output (W) plus useful heat output (Qu) to the fuel energy supplied (F),... 

This criteria of performance has less relevance to a combined heat and power plant which provides heat and generates electrical power. For an open circuit gas turbine plant, a more logical criterion is the energy utilisation factor (EUF) which can be calculated as... 

It mu.st be remembered that work is difficult to produce and highly priced, whereas the u.seful heat is a lower grade, lower priced product from the plant. The energy utilisation... 

It is concluded that such simple gas turbines with WHRs have good energy utilisation at Acg I with respectable FESR. The introduction of a WHB will move the operable area to higher values of A, usually with comparable EUFs but lower FESRs, as has been illustrated in the examples calculated in Section 9.2. 

Wilkinson (1984) presents information showing that the amount of metabolisable energy utilised on dairy farms can vary by more than a factor of four. He suggests that high levels of efficiency can be achieved by ... 

Figure 4.25 Solar energy utilisation inputs, outputs and systems.

Whilst these approaches are extremely interesting scienhfically, to be of any real commercial value in solar energy utilisation the stability of the systems must advance by orders of magnitude. 

Refsgaard, K., Halberg, N. and Kristensen, E.S. 1998. Energy utilisation in crop and dairy production in organic and conventional livestock production systems. Agricultural Systems 57 599-630. 

Caulton, M.S. (1978b). Tissue depletion and energy utilisation during routine metabolism by sub-adult Tilapia rendalli. Journal of Fish Biology 13,1-6. 

Childress, J J., Taylor, S.M., Cailliet, G.M. and Price, M.H. (1980). Patterns of growth, energy utilisation and reproduction in some meso- and bathypelagic fishes of southern California. Marine Biology 61,27-40. 

Jobling, M. (1980). Effects of starvation on proximate chemical composition and energy utilisation of plaice. Journal of Fish Biology 17,325-334. 

Kutty, M.N. and Mohamed, M.P. (1975). Metabolic adaptations of mullet with special reference to energy utilisation. Aquaculture 5,253-270. 

The following statement will convey some indication of the energy utilised annually in a typical installation designed to give about 15,000 cubic feet of hydrogen per day If the working day be 24 hours for 300 days per annum, the yearly output will be 15,000 x 300 = 4,500,000 cubic feet. Each cell takes about 400 amps, at 2 volts, that is, 0 8 K.W.H. per hour, and if there be 100 units in the plant, the energy utilised each year will be 100 x 8 x 24 x 300, or 576,000 K.W.H. To this must be added approximately 25 per cent, to allow for loss... 

The time lag for new technology infrastructure ensures that use of fossil fuels for energy generation and hydrogen fuel cannot go to zero over a short-term period. If 50% of the world electricity supply can be achieved by 2050 with renewable resources, the need for fossil-fuel combustion (X) can be reduced by the potential growth of nuclear energy utilisation. 

Equality constraints h(D°, D°) = 0 may include, for example, a ratio between the amounts of two products, etc. Inequality constraints g(u, D°) < 0 for the overall operation include Equations 7.14-7.18 (the first two of which are easily eliminated when m and H are specified) and possibly bounds on total batch time for individual mixtures, energy utilisation, etc. Any variables of D° and D° which are fixed are simply dropped from the decision variable list. Here, Strategy II was adopted for the multiple duty specification, requiring B0 to be fixed a priori. Similar considerations hold for V, the vapour boilup rate. The batch time is inversely proportional to V for a specified amount of distillate. Also alternatively, for a given batch time, the amount of product is directly proportional to V. This can be further explained through Equations 7.24-7.26) ... 

Szargut, J. and Dziedziniewicz, C., "Energie Utilisable des Substances Chimiques Inorganiques", Entropie, 0, 14-23,... 

---