Fibre utilisation

Treatment Microorganism Substrate Protein produced Fibre utilised... 

One of the key factors which make plastics attractive for engineering applications is the possibility of property enhancement through fibre reinforcement. Composites produced in this way have enabled plastics to become acceptable in, for example, the demanding aerospace and automobile industries. Currently in the USA these industries utilise over 1(X),000 tonnes of reinforced plastics out of a total consumption of over one million tonnes. 

The problem of carpet recycling is considered and the different methods being proposed or commercially utilised are discussed. The main component of the carpet waste is fibres of nylon-6 and nylon-66. The review of the literature includes a limited amount of journal publications, which focus primarily on fundamental aspects, and a large number of patents, which describe the available technologies. The most promising recycling techniques (depolymerisation, extraction, melt blending and mechanical separation) are described. 48 refs. 

There are important inhibitory systems built into the control of events following C-fibre stimulation. Thus, during peripheral noxious stimulation, spinal mechanism, driven by NMDA-receptor-mediated activity, can become active to damp down further neuronal responses, the purine, adenosine (see Chapter 13), appears to be involved in this type of control and has been reported to be effective in humans with neuropathic pain. It is thought that the depolarisations caused by activation of the NMDA receptor increase the metabolic demand on neurons and so ATP utilisation increases. ATP then is metabolised to adenosene and the purine then acts on its inhibitory Ai receptor in the... 

The paper making process, in very simplistic terms, involves the use of pulp, additives and water to make a final paper sheet. The type of paper being made will influence the levels of all of these components, for example high quality paper will utilise high levels of pulp fibre and additives, whereas tissue paper will use very little. Diagram 1 below illustrates the process. 

As microwave sample preparation has evolved, standard microwave procedures have been developed and approved by numerous standard methods organisations (ASTM, AOAC International, EPA, etc.), see ref. [64]. Examples are standard test methods for carbon black/ash content (ASTM Method D 1506-97), lead analysis in direct paint samples (ASTM Method E 1645-94), etc. Table 8.15 shows some microwave ashing references (detection weight). A French AFNOR method utilises the atmospheric pressure single-mode microwave method as an alternative sample preparation procedure for Kjeldahl nitrogen determination [84], The performance of a microwave-assisted decomposition for rapid determination of glass fibre content in plastics for QC has been described [85]. 

The ability of transition metal ions, and especially chromium (as Cr3+), to form very stable metal complexes may be used to produce dyeings on protein fibres with superior fastness properties, especially towards washing and light. The chemistry of transition metal complex formation with azo dyes is discussed in some detail in Chapter 3. There are two application classes of dyes in which this feature is utilised, mordant dyes and premetallised dyes, which differ significantly in application technology but involve similar chemistry. 

Abstract Paper for recycling is the most important fibre raw material of the German paper industry. 16.3 Mio t of paper for recycling was utilised in 2010 corresponding to 72% of the total fibre raw material input for paper and board production. In comparison to the used virgin fibre-based chemical and mechanical pulp, the utilised amount of paper for recycling is about 2.6 times higher. 

An integral part of a fibre optic sensor is the light source. Its primary task is to deliver an appropriate light, which possesses such features as an optical power suitable to interact with an analyte or an indicator from the optrode, a wavelength matched to the spectral properties of the sensors in order to obtain the highest sensitivity, and, in dependence on the construction of the sensor, polarisation, short pulse etc. There are many various light sources utilised in the fibre optic chemical sensors. They differ in spectral properties, generated optical power and coherence. 

Recycling clearly has an important bearing upon fibre supply. There are two important environmental aspects to waste paper recycling. The first of these is what is known as the utilisation rate of waste paper and is defined as the waste paper consumption as a proportion of total paper and board production. The second useful definition is the recovery rate, which is simply the amount of waste paper recovered as a percentage of total paper and board consumption. An example of the use of such figures is shown in Table 10.1. 

Failure of mitochondria to oxidise fatty acids snfficiently rapidly reduces the ability of the muscle fibres and other cells to utilise fat after a meal, so that fat levels in the blood and in the muscle increase to abnormally high levels. Over a period of time, this disturbance can lead to obesity or type 2 diabetes meUitus (Chapter 9). 

Table 13.2 Properties of human muscle fibre types and their capacities for fuel utilisation ...

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