Using External References

External references are used to establish links between documents. You can create a link between worksheets within the same workbook, or between worksheets in different workbooks. By linking worksheets, you can utilize the data from one worksheet in a formula in another worksheet, merge data from several worksheets in a summary sheet, or simplify a complicated model by breaking it up into manageable portions. 

Linked worksheets are linked dynamically that is, when you make changes in a source worksheet, the changes automatically occur in the dependent sheet. 

Links between worksheets are established by means of external references. An external reference is simply a reference that includes the filename of the source worksheet, separated from the reference or name by an exclamation point, e.g., =SheetName CellReference if the link is between sheets in the same workbook or [WorkbookName]SheetName CellReference if the link is between sheets in different workbooks. 

If either the workbook name or the sheet name contain spaces, the [WorkbookNameJSheetName must be enclosed in single quotes (e.g., = [logTplot.xls]Phase diagram data A 1). 

Since these external references are generally long and complicated, you should never attempt to type an external reference in a formula. Instead, enter the reference by selecting. 

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An alternative calibration technique was developed and successfully applied to techniques hyphenated to LA [43-48]. In addition, an increasing number of matrix-independent calibration procedures using external reference materials and/or internal standardization procedures is being developed [49-51]. 

The commonly used external reference for 207Pb chemical shifts, <5207Pb, was and will be in the future tetramethyllead, Me4Pb. However, using modern NMR... 

The %w/w lead in a lead-based paint Standard Reference Material and in unknown paint chips is determined by atomic absorption using external standards. 

Transport numbers are intended to measure the fraction of the total ionic current carried by an ion in an electrolyte as it migrates under the influence of an applied electric field. In essence, transport numbers are an indication of the relative ability of an ion to carry charge. The classical way to measure transport numbers is to pass a current between two electrodes contained in separate compartments of a two-compartment cell These two compartments are separated by a barrier that only allows the passage of ions. After a known amount of charge has passed, the composition and/or mass of the electrolytes in the two compartments are analyzed. Erom these data the fraction of the charge transported by the cation and the anion can be calculated. Transport numbers obtained by this method are measured with respect to an external reference point (i.e., the separator), and, therefore, are often referred to as external transport numbers. Two variations of the above method, the Moving Boundary method [66] and the Eiittorff method [66-69], have been used to measure cation (tR+) and anion (tx ) transport numbers in ionic liquids, and these data are listed in Table 3.6-7. 

Voltaic Cell a term sometimes used for an electrochemical cell it is sometimes used to refer to a cell in which chemical changes are caused by the application of an external e.m.f. 

Because an increase in resolution causes a decrease in sensitivity, it is best to operate at the lowest resolution commensurate with good results. Some instrument data systems will allow calibration with an external reference material such as perfluorokerosene and then use of a secondary reference material for the internal mass reference. Tetraiodothiophene, vaporized using the solids probe inlet, is recommended as the secondary reference. The accurate masses are 79.9721, 127.9045, 162.9045, 206.8765, 253.8090, 293.7950, 333.7810, 460.6855, and 587.5900. For a higher mass standard, use hexaiodobenzene. Because the mass defect for these internal reference ions are so large, a resolution of 2000 is ample to separate these ions from almost any sample ions encountered in GC/MS. 

For details of the clean-up of the pyrolysate of the DIN oven see reference 12. Identification and quantification of PBDD/F was performed by GC/MS (refs. 8-12). This was done for all brominated PBDD and PBDF from mono- through octabromo compounds using external standards which were either prepared (refs. 11-13) or purchased. There exists a total of 210 brominated compounds of PBDD/F. Since not all isomers are available a complete isomer-specific determination could not be performed. 

The present state of the art in blood pH measurements allows for rapid (1 minute) determination of pH between 6.4 and 8.0 to within at least 0.005 units for whole blood sample volumes < 100 microliters. The temperature of the electrodes and sample is generally controlled to within 0.1 °C for this level of precision and frequent calibration is carried out (in some cases a one point calibration for each sample). The electrodes require (both the glass and external reference) some maintenance due to protein fouling, however this procedure is largely automated. The useful life of an electrode is one year or less and the cost is well over 100 (U.S.) each. New technologies, both electrochemical and non-electrochemical, must compete with this attractive performance and provide for lower operating costs in order to be successful. 

Without adequate silanization, an aqueous film can short-circuit the d-pipette by linking its two halves. In the absence of a surface aqueous layer the currents flow between each of two pipettes and the external reference electrode. In contrast, when the liquid film connects two orifices, the current flows directly from one barrel to the other. Two experiments allowing the distinction between these two cases were carried out using a well-characterized reaction of potassium transfer from water into DCE facilitated by dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) [11]... 

Also, a chromatographic profile or fingerprint of trace unknowns can be established and monitored, so that if product performance unexpectedly changes, there will be a starting point for troubleshooting. The effects of experimental variables on sample recoveries should be measured directly by controlled variation of an experimental factor, using the reference standard, or suitable external standards, or spiked addition of an external standard to the reference standard. A detailed example of the use of internal and external standards is presented in Chapter 4. 

Whether the assumption about this linear relationship can be used for the zero shift as such is doubtful the situation becomes more reliable if the internal and external reference electrodes are equal so that E°mer and °uter cancel, hence eqn. 2.95 becomes En = (- 2.3026RT/F) pHinncr. Therefore, the zero shift can be eliminated instrumentally by setting the mechanical zero of the pH meter to pHjnncr (if previously known). With a non-combined glass electrode the external... 

STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL CELL LINE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF REFERENCE CELL LINES AS STANDARDS FOR EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE OF HER2 IHC AND ISH TESTING... 

The integrated planar silver chloride electrode uses a thin layer of 150 pm polymer that consists of a heat curing epoxy resin poly-hydroxy-ethylmethacrylate (PHEMA) to immobilize the KC1 electrolyte. The potential drift of the reference electrode reduced to 59 pV/h after a conditioning phase of several hours. However, this reference electrode was only used for P02 measurement, while an external reference electrode was used for pH measurement. 

The Contacts system has the type model shown in Figure 10.23. Each known person has a history of past contacts and a scheduled next contact. There is a set of due contacts those that should be worked on. In the reference fields you can put a unique reference number that can be used externally to identify objects. 

The chemical structures of five dextrans were partially determined by methylation, and found to be branched molecules having the following types of substitution (a) 6-0 and 3,6-di-O, (b) 6-0, 3-0, and 3,6-di-O, (c) 6-0,3,6-di-O, and 2,3-di-O, (d) 6-0, 4-0, and 3,4-di-O, and (e) 6-0 and 2,3-di-O. At 27° and pH 7 (external, Me4Si standard), the 13C shifts ofO-substituted, non-anomeric carbon atoms were C-2 (76.5), C-3 (81.6), and C-4 (79.5). The C-l resonances were also recorded, and may be used for reference purposes. Some variation of chemical shifts, relative to each other, was observed with changing temperature. (The work serves to emphasize the importance of accurately measuring the temperature of the solution when determining chemical shifts.102)... 

It is interesting to note that when using two fluorophores (whose fluorescence decays are known to be single exponentials), one as a sample and the other as a reference, it is possible to determine the lifetimes of both the fluorophores without external reference this can be achieved in data analysis by varying the reference lifetime until a minimum value of x is reached. 

The second module. Method, involves determining the level of verification and validation to which the user s methodology has been subjected. Verification is the general process used to decide whether a method in question is capable of producing accurate and reliable data. Validation is an experimental process involving external corroboration by other laboratories (internal or external) of methods or the use of reference materials to evaluate the suitability of methodology (1). A menu of choices includes (1) the method has only been verified, (2) the method has been both verified and validated, or (3) the method has been neither verified or validated. 

The strategies for determination of absolute coneentration of metabolites using an internal reference are similar to those of external references. Often tissue water or a metabolite which is expected to have a stable concentration in tissue is used. Total creatine and water are metabolites with relatively stable concentration in musculature, although changes in their rotational mobility may change their NMR visibility. Using water as an internal reference, Eq. (5.1) has to by modified by an additional correction factor according to... 

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