Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohol

Glandular products (processing) Hair and scalp preparations. . . Hormones (processing).  

HImex A-1. ..190 5.0 gal. methyl alcohol 1.05 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone 10.5 lbs Isopropyl alcohol, 99% 

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Statistics on the Use of Specially Denatured Alcohol, hscal year. 

Bureau of Internal Revenue, Statistics on the Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohol, annual, 1936 to date (except 1938 and 1939). Detailed end-use data on specially denatured alcohol. 

Other products or processes may be authorized by the Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Department of the Treasury, Washington, O.C. Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohol—27 CFR 212 105... 

Table 6.45 Composition and Typical End Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohols (30)...

Specially Denatured Alcohol. Specially denatured alcohols (SDA) are formulations of ethanol containing denaturant substances that generally render them unfit for beverage use but do not limit their use in specified appHcations. To use a specially denatured alcohol, a manufacturer must apply to the BATE, giving quantitative formulas and processes. Specimen labels and a sample of the finished product are also required. Then, the prospective user must obtain a bond for the total amount of specially denatured alcohol on hand or in transit at any given time. 

Miscellaneous Derivatives. Other derivatives of toluene, none of which is estimated to consume more than ca 3000 t (10 gal) of toluene aimuaHy, are mono- and dinitrotoluene hydrogenated to amines ben2otrich1 oride and chlorotoluene, both used as dye intermediates / 7-butylben2oic acid from / 7-butyltoluene, used as a resin modifier dodecyltoluene converted to a ben2yl quaternary ammonium salt for use as a germicide and biphenyl, obtained as by-product during demethylation, used in specialty chemicals. Toluene is also used as a denaturant in specially denatured alcohol (SDA) formulas 2-B and 12-A. 

Proprietary Solvents and Special Industrial Solvents. Proprietary solvents and special industrial solvents are made with specially denatured alcohols according to the formulas authorized by the BATE. They can be purchased by customers without payment of tax, without posting a bond for tax, and without securing a permit from the BATE. SuppHers are required, however, to notify the BATE of the name, address, type of business, and approximate annual requirements and intended end use for any user buying in bulk. 

When used in products not licensed for drinking, ethanol usually occurs in the form of denatured alcohol, or specially denatured alcohol—alcohol that has been rendered unfit for drinking. You will often see SD alcohol mentioned on a label, sometimes followed by a number and letter, such as 40-B. This is the designation given by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms to the denaturing method used. For example, SD-40 is ethanol denatured by adding tiny amounts of the most bitter-tasting substance known denatonium benzoate. 

Denatonium benzoate is the bitterest-tasting substance known. It gets its name from denatured alcohol—alcohol that has been rendered unfit for drinking—and is often used in the denaturing process. Specially denatured alcohol 40, or SD-40, is ethanol that has been denatured by a tiny amount of denatonium benzoate. Denatonium benzoate is an ester of PABA, and is related to lidocaine, benzocaine, novocaine, and cocaine. 

Perfumes, colognes and toilet waters are solutions of perfume oils in specially denatured alcohols, (ethyl alcohol with various denaturants which make it unsuitable for human consumption). In addition, ethanol is used as a solvent for flavors, as an extraction solvent for many natural products and as a reagent for the production of many ethyl esters. Summing up all these uses, the quantity of ethanol used in the fragrance and flavor industry tops all other alcohols by far. 

Comments pharmaceutical glaze is a specially denatured alcoholic solution of shellac containing between 20% and 57% of anhydrous shellac. It may be prepared using either ethanol or ethanol 95% and may contain waxes and titanium dioxide as an opacifing agent. 

Denatured alcohol is ethanol that has been rendered unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by the addition of other substances. Completely denatured alcohol contains added wood alcohol (methanol) and benzene and is unsuitable for either internal or external use. Specially denatured alcohol is ethanol treated with one or more substances so that iks use may be permitted for a specialized purpose. Examples are iodine in alcohol for tincture of iixlinc. methanol, and other. substances in mouthwashes and aftershave lotiun.s. and methanol in alcohol for preparing plant extracts. 

Depending upon use and stability, commercial enzymes are marketed as liquid or solid preparations. It was found that the enzyme could be recovered as a solid product by the conventional method of alcohol precipitation employed for other solid commercial enzyme products. The most efficient process was found to be evaporation of the clear filtrate to one-third original volume, adjustment of pH to 3.2 by addition of hydrochloric acid, and addition of 3.5 volumes of cold special denatured alcohol, formula 35A. The precipitate was allowed to settle, clear supernatant decanted, the precipitate washed with an equal volume of alcohol, and filtered in a filter press. The solid was washed in the press with anhydrous alcohol, blown with dry air, and finally dried in a vacuum oven at 36°C. 

A long list of different Formulas for Completely and Specially Denatured Alcohol were authorized in 1922 by the United States Internal Revenue Bureau. These formulas have been originated to best adapt the alcohol to the use which is to be made of it in commerce. 

Classification Specially denatured alcohol Definition Ethyl alcohol (100 gal) or rum not less than 150 proof (100 gal) denatured with 1 gal of the following sol n. 5 gal of aq. sol n. contg. 40% nicotine, 3.6 oz of methylene blue DSP, and water sufficient to make 100 gal Uses Solvent for tobacco sprays and flavors Regulatory FDA 27CFR 21.38 SD alcohol 12-A... 

Classification Specially denatured alcohol Definition Ethyl alcohol (100 gal) denatured with salicylic acid USP (1 lb), resorcinol USP (1 lb), and 1 gal of bergamot oil NF or bay oil (myrica oil) NF Uses Solvent for cosmetics, hair/scalp preps., external pharmaceuticals (not USP or NF) Regulatory FDA 27CFR 20.11, 21.48 SD alcohol 38-F... 

Source of Ileal. In the regular laboratory, special gas burners are used. In the home lab, you can use a burner for denatured alcohol. Have a shallow metal pan under the burner for fire safety. 

Like methanol, ethanol is an excellent solvent of low toxicity that is cheap to produce. Unfortunately, the liquor tax makes ethanol relatively expensive. Use of untaxed ethanol is possible, but it requires extensive record keeping and purchase of a special license. Denatured alcohol is ethanol that contains impurities that make it undrinkable. Denatured ethanol is untaxed, but the impurities (methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, aviation gasoline, etc.) also make it unsuitable for many laboratory uses. 

Because of its unique position as both a highly taxed beverage and an important industrial chemical, ethyl alcohol poses a special problem it must be made available to tfie chemical industry in a form that is unfit to drink. This problem is solved by addition of a denaturant a substance that makes it unpalatable or even poisonous. Two of the eighty-odd legal denaturants, for example, are methanol and high-test gasoline. When necessary, pure undenatured ethyl alcohol is available for chemical purposes, but its use is strictly controlled by the Federal Government. 

CAS 64-17-5. Ethanol to which another liquid has been added to make it unfit to use as a beverage (chiefly for tax reasons). In the U.S., it may be either Completely Denatured (CDA) or Specially Denatured (SDA). At least 50 formulations are officially authorized for making denatured alcohol. They include the following denaturants SDA 40B must contain brucine, brucine sulfate, or quassin plus tert-butanol SDA 40A must contain sucrose octaacetate plus tert-butyl alcohol SDA 40B must contain Bi-trex [Macfarlan] and tert-butyl alcohol SDA40C must contain only rm-butyl alcohol. For exact formulas, consult 27CFR Part 21 and the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division of IRS, Washington D.C. Properties See ethanol. 

Adsorbents for biomacromolecules such as proteins have special properties. First, they need to have large pore sizes. A ratio of pore radius to molecule radius larger than 5 is desirable to prevent excessive diffusional hindrance (see Intraparticle Mass Transfer in this section). Thus, for typical proteins, pore radii need to be in excess of 10-15 nm. Second, functional groups for interactions with the protein are usually attached to the adsorbent backbone via a spacer arm to provide accessibility. Third, adsorbents based on hydrophilic structures are preferred to limit nonspecific interactions with the adsorbent backbone and prevent global unfolding or denaturation of the protein. Thus, if hydrophobic supports are used, their surfaces are usually rendered hydrophilic by incorporating hydrophilic coatings such as dextran or polyvinyl alcohol. Finally, materials stable in sodium hydroxide solutions (used for clean-in-place) are... 

For industrial use, ethanol is often denatured (rendered unfit for drinking) by adding small amounts of methanol and other denaturants that are extremely difficult to remove. Denaturing is required by the federal government to protect the beverage alcohol tax source. Special tax-free use permits are issued to scientific and industrial users who require pure ethanol for nonbeverage uses. 

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