Glandular Products

Glandular products, drugs of vegetable origin, such as quinine, strychnine and brucine, emetine, and digitalis glycosides ... 

Glandular products (processing) Hair and scalp preparations. . . Hormones (processing). ... 

The 20 000 species of bees are currently placed in 11 families (Fig. 14.1). The apoid families are traditionally grouped into short-tongued and long-tongued bees (Fig. 14.1), with the latter considered to have evolved from the former. This taxonomic summary is based largely on Michener (1974, 1979), updated as noted by more recent studies. Table 14.1 summarizes the classification of genera of bees whose glandular products have been chemically analyzed. 

In many cases the esters and lactones listed above are accompanied by variable amounts of hydrocarbons (C, and higher) which may or may not be saturated. It is unknown whether these hydrocarbons are specific glandular products or artifacts of the extraction process as the higher fatty acids are thought to be. In most cases mentioned above the Dufour s gland products were obtained by extraction of the dissected gland with an organic solvent. Thus some trace chemicals listed as representative of the secretion may be indicative only of the total extraction procedure. 

We demonstrated that the mutagenic activity from the reaction of nitrite and Sanma was carcinogenic (48). It is quite relevant that this product induced glandular stomach cancer in rats. Since the formation of the mutagen can be blocked by vitamin C, it would seem that the formation of glandular stomach cancer can also be so Inhibited. 

Finally, the preganglionic neuron may travel to the adrenal medulla and synapse directly with this glandular tissue. The cells of the adrenal medulla have the same embryonic origin as neural tissue and, in fact, function as modified postganglionic neurons. Instead of the release of neurotransmitter directly at the synapse with an effector tissue, the secretory products of the adrenal medulla are picked up by the blood and travel throughout the body to all of the effector tissues of the sympathetic system. 

GERSHENZON, J., McCASKILL, D., RAJAONARIVONY, J.I.M., MIHALIAK, C., KARP, F., CROTEAU, R., Isolation of secretory cells from plant glandular trichomes and their use in biosynthetic studies of monoterpenes and other gland products, Anal. Biochem., 1992, 200, 130-138. 

Probably the best-studied communication behavior in ants is chemical communication, but other sensory modalities, such as mechanical cues, also play an important role in the formation of multicomponent signals in ant communication. Chemical releasers are produced in a variety of exocrine glands, and considerable progress has been made in chemically identifying many of these glandular secretions (for reviews see refs. 1 and 2). In this essay I will not emphasize, however, the natural product chemistry of ant pheromones, but rather concentrate on the proposition that communication in ant societies is often based on multicomponent signals, on nested levels of variation in chemical and other cues, which feature both anonymous and specific characteristics (3). 

Microbial activity can be critical for odor production in glandular secretions. Frequent body contact in social animals ensures sharing of microorganisms, which, in turn, results in a shared group odor. 

Ad libitum. At pleasure. Adenocarcinoma. Carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures may be classified according to the predominant pattern of cell arrangement, as papillary, alveolar, etc., or according to a particular products of the cells, as mucinous adenocarcinoma. 

Stylosanthes hamata and scabra, which are highly productive and nutritious species of tropical pasture legumes, are covered with glandular trlchomes. The trlchomes secrete a viscous secretion that immediately Immobilize larvae of the cattle tick, Boophllus mlcroplus (39). Ticks have a natural tendency to climb plants, and wait for a host animal. The secretion has no repellant properties, so that ticks do not attempt to seek alternative plants. In addition to Immobilizing the larvae, the plants produce an unidentified volatile compound(s) that poison the larvae, within 24 hours. 

Reduction of thyroid activity and hormone effects can be accomplished by agents that interfere with the production of thyroid hormones, by agents that modify the tissue response to thyroid hormones, or by glandular destruction with radiation or surgery. Goitrogens are agents that suppress secretion of T3 and T4 to subnormal levels and thereby increase TSH, which in... 

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