Use of Tire-Derived Fuel

210 without for the second furnace. The levels of vanadium, nickel, lead, chromium, and cadmium were found to be much higher in burning oil than in burning tdf. 

Tests were also performed on a Minnesota boiler equipped with a multicyclone and scrubber that normally burned a combination of coal, tree bark, and sludge (58). The measurements made by Pace Laboratories showed that with 15 percent tdf the particulate level rose to 0.09 pound per million Btu, compared to 0.05 pound per million Btu without tdf. The levels of S02 and NOx showed smaller increases, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were below detectable levels. 

Particulate measurements on two boilers at a pulp and paper mill in Oregon showed similar results (59). The first boiler emitted 39 pounds per hour of particulate when burning hog fuel and 73 pounds per hour when 1 percent tdf was used. The other boiler showed 27 pounds per hour of particulate with 100 percent hog fuel, 46 pounds per hour with 1 percent tdf, and 57 pounds per hour with 1.5 percent tdf. 

Experience in the pulp and paper industry has shown that hog fuel boilers can use tdf for up to 15 percent of their fuel value. The percentage can be adjusted to meet operational and environmental limits (42). 

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Electrical equipment code, 27 841-842 Electrical flow resistivity, 23 824 Electrical generation, use of tire-derived fuel in, 21 465 Electrical hazards... 

Karell, M. A. Blumenthal, M. H. 2001. Air regulatory impacts of the use of tire-derived fuel. Environmental Progress, 20, 80-86. 

Siemering, William H. The Use of Tire Derived Fuel - The Calaveras Cement Experience. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, West Coast Subcommittee, Cement Industry Committee. November 1988. 

The use of tire-derived fuel as a cofiring feedstock in power generation has many advantages. Hrst, because of the high calorific value of TDF, particularly the wire-free TDF, the cost of TDF in GJ (ot /10 Btu) is lower than that of any fossil fuel - with the possible exception of Powder River Basin coal delivered locally or to a mine-mouth plant - and is competitive with even the lowest cost biomass fuels. This, combined with the lower ash content of TDF (without steel) makes it a viable blending fuel. In addition, the sulfur content of TDF is less than most eastern bituminous coals and conq>arable to medium-sulfur coals throughout the world. 

Miller, C. A., Lemieux, P. M. Touati, A. 1998. Evaluation of tire-derived fuel for use in nitrogen oxide reduction by rebuming. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 48, 729-735. 

EPA is currently collecting existing environmental emissions data from facilities incinerating tires for energy purposes. This information can be compared to data on emissions from these same facilities when using conventional fuels such as coal and hog fuel. Several states and industrial facilities have been conducting test bums of tire-derived fuel, to gather this environmental data. 

Scrap tires (ST) - About 7% of the 250 million scrap tires generated annually are exported to foreign conntries, 8% are recycled into new products, and roughly 40% are used as tire-derived fuel, either in whole or chipped form... 

There are three basic types of tire-derived fuel in use today TDF with steel, without steel and crumb rubber. Tires come from predominantly passenger automobiles and trucks however, on a per mass basis tractor, sport utility vehicle, and commercial truck tires provide a significant amount of TDF [13]. 

Maley, S.M. 2003. Production of Tire Derived Fuel Use of Mobile System as a Viable Economic Alternative. Proc. 28 International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization and Fuel Systems, Clearwater, FL. March 9 -13. 

Tire compounds, aged and fatigued properties of, 21 811-812 Tire cord, 2 643-644 Tire-derived fuel (TDF), 21 463—464 industrial uses for, 21 465 use in electrical generation, 21 465 use in pulp and paper mills, 21 464 Tire pulverizing, cryogenic, 21 469-470 Tire retreading, 21 479 Tires... 

The replacement of coal by tire-derived-fuel appears economically feasible for cement kilns. Seven such kilns are currently operating in the U.S., consuming the equivalent of about 6 million tires per year between them. There is potential for this use to expand further, particularly for those cement kilns whose feed systems are compatible with the use of TDF. 

Suppliers of scrap tire-derived products often need to educate themselves on the requirements of potential users of their products. For example, facilities that can use tire-derived fuel may need this fuel supplied with uniform, consistent quality. Producers and users of tdf need to work together to classify this material based on factors such as size of chips and quality of the cut. (i.e.. Are there wires protruding from the rubber chips or is it clean-cut ) This information will help potential users be assured of quality supplies that will not damage equipment. This information in turn, aids in developing and expanding markets for tire-derived material. 

The book is presented in two parts. Part I covers the problems associated with scrap tires and identifies existing and potential source reduction and utilization methods that may be effective in solving the tire problem. Barriers to increased utilization and options for removing the barriers are identified and evaluated. Part II provides information on the use of whole, scrap tires and tire-derived-fuel (TDF) as combustion fuel, and on the pyrolysis of scrap tires. The use of whole tires and TDF as a primary fuel is discussed for dedicated tire-to-energy facilities. The use of whole tires and TDF as a supplemental fuel is discussed for cement manufacturing plants, electric utilities, pulp and paper mills, and other industrial processes. The focus of Part II is on the impact of burning whole tires and TDF on air emissions. The information in the book is from the following documents ... 

Since tires are made of hydrocarbons, scrap tires can be used as a fuel source. Tire derived fuel (TDF) is used in power plants, paper mills, and cement kilns. Environmentalists are concerned, however, that incomplete combustion may result in the release of toxins. 

There are 18 facilities that use scrap tires for pulp and paper productionJ Tire-derived fuel is mixed with wood waste to produce steam. The TDF improves the combustion efficiency and displaces fossil fuels. A significant portion of Oregon s scrap tires goes to this market. The volume of scrap tires used for this application has fallen from its high in 1996 much like cement industry use. It should be noted that the decrease in TDF consumption was never attributed to increased air pollution or environmental degradation. 

When assessing the Best Available Techniques (BAT) for the usage of different types of fuels, it was found that some waste fuels such as tires are considered a mature technology, but other solid waste have been only recently introduced as AF. Tires are the most geographically and widely used solid waste derived fuel they can be used in different forms such as entire, chipped, or shredded. The utilization of hres gives complete destruchon of the rubber and cotton, which are components of tires. The ultimate and proximate analyses of some AF are displayed in Table 31.9. 

Post-consumer materials provide the final category of opportunity fuels. Representative post-consumer materials include tire-derived fuel (TDF), commonly used in cyclone boilers, stoker boilers, and cement kilns. Other post-consumer materials used as opportunity fuels include waste oil and re-refined oil, wastewater treatment gas, landfill gas, paper-derived fuel (PDF), plastics-derived fuel, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), sewage sludge, wastewater treatntent gas, and selected hazardous wastes burned in industrial boilers and kilns. 

Tire-derived fuel is broadly classified as a fuel feedstock derived from automobile, truck, off-road and specialty tires. These tires are eitha-used whole or chipped into sized pieces for blending with other more conventional fuels such as coal. They may contain a signiflcant amount of steel used in reinforcement of the sidewall and rim. Depending upon production requirements, this steel may need to be removed from the tire. 

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