Quality of supply

Set up with the aim of improving confidence in the quality of supplies, with so many... 

Do not comply with the health and safety standards of your industry Do not comply with the relevant environmental regulations Do not have a system to assure the quality of supplies Are not committed to continuous improvement Are financially unstable... 

Gum Karaya. Gum karaya [19000-36-61] or sterculia gum is the dried exudate of the Stercuhaurens tree, which is now cultivated in India, the primary producing area. The best quality gum is collected by tapping the trees during the period April to June with a second collection of lower quality product later in the year. The gum is allowed to dry on the trees, and the crude gum is collected and sorted according to color and purity. It is further sorted and processed to powdered gum karaya in the country of use. The quality of supplies varies greatly (43). 

Thermal analysis is a useful tool in the quality control of many incoming routine materials, which can be tested against a reference standard developed internally by analysing a large number of samples of known performance criteria to ensure that the quality of supplies is maintained. Solid elastomers can be identified by glass transition temperature (Tg) [70]. The rubber industry uses thousands of different raw materials, and this number is steadily increasing. These materials are listed in [172]. 

Location, quality of supply, as well as maintenance philosophy must be included in the design. 

Study Director. The same holds also for the task of ensuring that test facility supplies meet specifications and requirements appropriate to their use in a study. This division of responsibilities , or rather the joint observance of responsibilities, has been pragmatically fixed in the OECD Advisory Document on in vitro Studies (OECD No. 14, 2004) where it is stated that, although management is ultimately responsible for ensuring the quality of supplies, it is the Study Director who is best able to judge the adherence of specialised supplies (e.g. test kits, etc.) to specifications and performance characteristics. 

The AQL is the maximum percentage of defectives which for sampling purposes can be considered as the process average. With a variable quality of supplies, and over a period of many successive deliveries, the long-term average quality of accepted batches will be equal to or better than the AQL. 

Quality of supply as revealed by microscopic and bacteriological analyses... 

Quality of Supplied Air Electrical Systems 1. Hazardous Locations Plumbing... 

Shortly after the introduction of revenue caps, there were tendencies towards cutting costs without having in mind a sustainable balance between cost savings and increased risk. After this transient period, there is now a trend towards developing strategies for maintenance and reinvestments, where cost effectiveness is balanced with other risks. The risk consequence categories typically involve economy, safety, environmental impact, company reputation and quality of supply (Sand et al. 2007). 

Langset, T, Trengereid, R, Samdal, K. Heggset, J. (2001). Quality dependent revenue caps - a model for quality of supply regulation. CIRED 2001, London, UK, lEE. 

DSAM decisions concerning specific assets or asset groups are, in general, of a multi-criteria nature. Because of the role electricity infrastructure has in the society, and because of regulatory pressure, distribution companies must balance economy (costs and profits) against reliabihly, quality of supply, personnel safety and other aspects. In other words an asset or network failure might lead to more or less critical incidents with consequences for the company and customers, personnel or third party safety, etc. 

Electricity distribution systems are a vital infrastructure in modem society. The management of such systems consists of balancing cost, performance and risk - taking into account different aspects such as economic performance, quality of supply, safety and environmental impacts (Brown Spare 2004 Sand et al. 2007). These aspects often constitute conflicting objectives in the decision making processes. 

Quality of supply may impact both on local and system level - depending on the type of problem, its size etc. 

Methods applicable for analysing quality of supply risk... 

To estimate potential impact on the technical quality of supply phenomena, various electrical system simulations may be utiUsed, e.g. load flow analyses, short circuit analyses, etc. The power system physical laws are well defined and the system therefore relatively easy to model and simulate. 

It should be noted that depending on the regulatory regime, quality of supply phenomena might be dealt with in a purely economical way and hence contribute as an economical risk scenario. The cost of energy not supplied is one example - penalties when exceeding contract values another. So, care should be taken to avoid double counting of risk impact. 

Characteristics of quality of supply risk The distribution companies are being increasingly subjected to regulatory regimes that explicitly take into accoimt the quality of supply to the consumers (Eurelectric 2005). 

In addition to regulation of the interruption, there are also standards regulating the technical phenomena of quality of supply (CENELEC 2007). 

Reputational risk will often be closely linked to other risk - such as quality of supply, safety, environmental risk, vulnerability and so on. The companies performance on the other risk areas may hence affect the reputational risk. 

Quality of supply risk + -1- + + -b NPV-analyses, Power system Analysis... 

Economic development and urbanization add to pollution, threatening quality of supply. 

In supplier collaboration, the buying company is involved directiy with the processes and activities of its suppliers. To ensure the quality of supplied items, the buying company may help suppliers to implement quality management programme in their facilities. They can visit the suppliers premises and provide training to their employees or even locate their own employees at suppliers bases. 

In the following a Swedish quality of supply regulation is described and the Styrel system is also introduced. The Styrel system is here used as a new means of estimating societal consequences from power outages. 

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